1-тема Translation Theory as a Science

Partial lexic conformities by lexic parameters (lexical composition);

1. 
   To get out of bed on the wrong foot. (Idiom)
   

__ Шеп жақтан ояныў.

__ Встать с левой ноги.

2. 
   To have one's heart in one's boots/ (Idiom )
   

__ Жүрегим арқаға тартып кетти.

__ Душа в пятки ушла.

3. 
   To lose one's temper. (Phraseme)
   

Сабыры тамам болыў

выйти из себя, потерять терпение.

4. To dance to smb’s pipe. (Idiom)

Биреўдиң намасына ойнаў.

Плясать под чью-либо дудку.

2) Partial conformities by the grammatical parameters:

a) differing as to morphological arrangement (number).

1. To fish in troubled waters. (Idiom)

__ Ылай суўда балық услаў.

__ Ловить рыбу в мутной воде.

2) From hеad to foot. (Idiom)

__ Бастан аяғына шекем.

__ С головы до ног.

3) to agree like cats and dogs (Phraseme)

__ Ийт пышық болып жасаў.

__ Жить как кошка с собакой.

4. to keep one’s head (Idiom)

__ Өзин жойытпаў

__ Не потерять головы

b) differing as to syntactical arrangement

1. Strike while the iron is hot

__ Темирди қызғанда бас

__ Куй железо, пока горячо

2. Egiptian darkness

__ Қап-қараңғы

__ Тьма египетская

3. armed to teeth

__ Тис-тырнағына шекем қуралланған

__ Вооруженный до зубов

4. All is not gold that glitters

__ Жылтырақ нәрсениң бәри алтын емес

__ Не все золото, что блестит.

III. Absence of conformities.

Many English phraseological units have no phraseological conformities in Karakalpak and Russian. In the first instance this concerns phraseological units based on realiae. When translating units of this kind it is advisable to use the following types of translation:

A. A verbatim wopd translation.

B. Translation by analogy.

C. Descriptive translation.

A verbatim translation is possible when the way of thinking (in the phraseological unit) does not bear a specific national feature.

1. To call things by their true names. (Idiom)

__ Ҳәр нәрсени өз аты менен атаў.

__ Называть вещи своими именами.

2. The arms race. (Phraseme)

__ Қуралланыў жарысы.

__ Гонка вооружений.

3. Cold war. (Idiom)

__ Суўық урыс.

_ Холодная война.

Translating by anology. This way of translating is resorted to when the phraseological unit has a specific national realiae.

1. “Dick”, said the dwarf, thrushing his head in at the door – “my pet”, my pupil, the apple of my eye hey! (Ch. Dickens. “The Old Curiosity Shop” ch. 1) Idiom)

_ Дик, әзийзим, шәкиртим, көзимниң нуры– деди кишкене адам есикке басын суғып.

_ Дик, - воскликнул карлик, просовывая голову в дверь, мой любимец, мой ученик, свет очей моих.

2. to pull somebody’s leg (Idiom)

_ мазақ қылыў.

_ одурачить кого–либо

Descriptive translation. Descriptive translation i. e. translating phraseological units by a free combination of words is possible when the phraseological unit has a particular national feature and has no analogue in the language it is to be translated into.

1. to enter the House. (Phraseme)

_ Парламент ағзасы болыў.

_ Стать членом парламента.

2. To cross the floor of the House. (Idiom)

_ Бир партиядан басқа партияға өтип кетиў.

_ Перейти из одной партии в другую.
Translating a phraseological unit is not an easy matter as it depends on several factors: different combinability of words, homonymy, synonymy, polisemy of phraseologic units. It is necessary to take into account the context. Besides a large number of phraseological units have a stylistic expressive component in meaning which has a specific national feature? It should be pointed out that it is necessary to get acquainted with the main principles of the general theory of phraseology.

The following types of phraseological units may be observed phrasemes and idioms, a unit of constant context consisting of a dependent and a constant indicates may be called a phraseme. An idiom as a unit of constant context, which is characterized by an integral meaning of the whole and by weekend meanings of the components and in which the dependent and the indicating elements are identical and equal to the whole lexical structure of the phrase.

Any type of phraseological unit can be presented as a definite micro system. In the process of translating phraseological units functional adequate linguistic units are selected by comparing two specific linguistic principles. These principles reveal elements of likeness and distinction. Certain parts of these systems may correspond in form and content. The main types of phraseological conformities are as follows:

1. 
   Complete conformities.
   

2.