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Subordinate masculinity:
Those who fall under this category exhibit qualities that are the opposite of those values
in hegemonic masculinity. They may exhibit physical weakness
or be very expressive with
emotions; like gay or effeminate men.
Complicit masculinity:
Those here don't fit characteristics of hegemonic masculinity but they don't challenge it.
Rather, many of them admire the characteristics of hegemonic masculinity.
Marginalized masculinity:
Those in this category cannot fit into the hegemonic because of certain characteristics like race
or disability. However, they subscribe to norms of hegemonic Masculinity like physical strength
and aggression (Sammie's Blog, Nd.)
The paper will look at the driving principles in peace, war, love, and mercy as tools for
reconciliation.
Femininity
or one's gender identity (Burke et al 1988); Spence 1985) refers to the degree to which
persons see themselves as masculine or feminine in what it means to be a man or women in society.
Femininity and masculinity are rooted in the social (one's gender) rather than the Biological
(one's sex) Members of a society decide what being a male or female should be.
Men (masculine) are meant to be dominant,
powerful, brave and useful,
while women
female are meant to be passive, submissive and emotional. Males
would generally respond by
defining themselves as masculine while females will generally define themselves as feminine.
These are merely social definition, it is possible for one to be female and see herself as
masculine or male and see himself as feminine.
From a sociological perspective, gender identity involves all the meanings that are applied
to one self on the basis of one's gender identification. In turn, these self-meanings are a source of
motivation for gender related behavior (Burke 1980). Conceptions of what it means to be male or
female are usually transmitted through institutions such as religion or the educational system, with
time they may see themselves as departing from the masculine or feminine cultural model. A
person may label herself female but instead of seeing herself in a stereotypical female manner such
as being expressive, warm and submissive (Ashmore et al 1986) may view herself in a somewhat
stereotypically masculine fashion such
as being instrumental, rational or dominant.
This means that people have views of themselves along a feminine masculine dimension
of meaning, some being more feminine, some are masculine and some perhaps a mixture of the
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two. It is this meaning along the feminine-masculine dimension that 'in their gender identity and
subsequently guides their bahaviour. When one's gender identity and biological sex are not
congruent, the individual may be identified as transsexual or as a transgender category.
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