cellulose, the signals at 3400 and 2900 cm
−
1
are characteristic for O
e
H
and H
e
C
e
H stretch vibrations, respectively
[45,46]
. The peak attrib-
uted to the C
e
O
e
C emerged at 1060 cm
−
1
and is induced by the pyr-
anose rings
’
skeletal vibration. The corresponding signal for the
β
-1,4
glycosidic linkages between the AGU was visible at 894 cm
−
1
. In the
spectra of SCS samples, new peaks ascribed to the C
e
O
e
S stretching
vibration and O
]
S
]
O asymmetric stretching vibration emerged at
818 cm
−
1
and 1257 cm
−
1
, respectively that can be an evidence for the
introduced sulfate group
[34,47]
. The intensity of the signal from the
O
e
H stretching vibrations at 3400 cm
−
1
reduced with increase of the
DS values. In addition, the intensity of the signal at 2900 cm
−
1
from the
H
e
C
e
H stretching vibration reduced with the partial DS value of the C-
6 carbon atom, which may occurred due to the e
ff
ect of double bonds in
the substituted ester groups
[48]
. In the samples with complete sub-
stituted of the C-6 position (sample-
12
, sample-
14
, sample-
18
), the
peak at 2900 cm
−
1
disappeared.
Fig. 7
depicts
13
C NMR spectra of sample-
11
(DS = 0.74), sample-
12
(DS = 1.41), sample-
14
(DS = 1.98) and sample-
18
(DS = 2.49). In
the spectra of the SCS samples with low DS values, the signal of C-6 and
its shifted signal assigned to sulfated C-6 (C-6s) appeared at 60
–
61 and
66.1 ppm, respectively. For instance, in the spectrum of sample-
11
, the
signals assigned to C-6 and C-6s are visible at 60
–
61 and 66.1 ppm,
respectively. With increase in the DS values, the signal of C-6 dis-
appeared at 60
–
61 ppm indicating full substitution of C-6 position. For
instance, in the spectra of sample-
12
, sample-
14
, and sample-
18,
the
signal assigned to C-6 disappeared at 60
–
61 ppm, completely shifted to
66.1 ppm. Partial DS value of C-6 carbon atom can be calculated by the
integrals of the signals assigned to C-6 and C-6s
[49]
. Closely spaced
signals corresponding to C-2, C-3, C-5 carbon atoms, and the shielded
signal of C-5 (C-5
′
) by the e
ff
ect of sulfation at C-6 appeared in the
range of 71
–
76 ppm. The signal speci
fi
c for C-5 decreased with sulfation
of C-6, completely shielded to position of C-5
′
in the samples C-6 fully
sulfated. In addition, signals of C-2 and C-3 partially or completely
down
fi
elded to C-2s and C-3s positions (79
–
82 ppm) with the sulfation.
The characteristic signals for C-4 and its shielded signal (C-4
′
) by the
e
ff
ect of C-3 sulfation emerged at 76
–
79 ppm. In the spectra of the
samples, new signals assigned to sulfated C-2 (C-2s) and C-3 (C-3s)
emerged at 79
–
82 ppm. Further signals at 100.2 and 102.2 were at-
tributed to C-1 and shifted signal of C-1 (C-1
′
) by the e
ff
ect of the
substituent at neighboring C-2 position, respectively. These signals
were used for quantitative evaluation of partial DS of C-2 because the
primary signal of C-2 is often obscured by the C-2,3,5,5
′
signal cluster
[49]
. The partial DS of C-3 was derived through the total DS value from
elemental analysis and the partial DS of C-6 and C-2 from
13
C NMR.
In general, in the spectra of the SCS samples, new signals speci
fi
c for
sulfated C-6 (C-6s) appeared at 66.1 ppm, for sulfated C-3 (C-3s) and C-
2 (C-2s) appeared at 79
–
82 ppm. In addition, shielded signals of C-5 (C-
5
′
), C-4 (C-4
′
) and C-1 (C-1
′
) by the e
ff
ect of sulfation in neighboring C-
6, C-3 and C-2 positions appeared at 71
–
76 ppm, 76
–
79 ppm and
100.2 ppm, respectively.
4. Conclusions
SCS samples with DS values from 0.23 to 2.56 and DP
w
values of
548
–
5540 were prepared by homogeneous sulfation of cotton celluloses
with SO
3
/Py in DMA/LiCl, applying di
ff
erent temperature, time and
molar ratio of the sulfating reagent. Reaction product remained dis-
solved and no precipitation was observed during the whole course of
the reaction. The samples obtained were completely soluble in water.
Conducting the reaction with 6.0 mol SO
3
/Py /mol AGU at 80 °C for 4 h
was found to be most suitable conditions for preparation of SCS samples
with high DS values. In addition, the value could be regulated easily
using a various ratio of the sulfating reagent to AGU or with time and
temperature. Despite notable di
ff
erences in DP values, the cellulose
samples behaved almost the same ability for the sulfation. However,
celluloses with higher DP values were sensible towards depolymeriza-
tion. In contrast to previous studies, our results indicate the method is
very appropriate to direct homogenous sulfation of cotton cellulose and
for preparation of cellulose sulfates with regulable low and high DS
with starting cellulosic materials having a wide range of DP values. The
cellulose sulfates synthesized by this method are applicable as bioactive
polymer or biomaterial to prepare polyelectrolyte complexes or hybrid
materials for biomedical purposes.
Acknowledgements
Sta
ff
members of NMR and EA platforms of the Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University
of Jena are gratefully acknowledged for NMR and EA measurements.
The authors thank Ms. Kristin Schreyer for help with SEC analysis.
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Fig. 7.
13
C NMR spectra of (a) sample-
11
(DS = 0.74), (b) sample-
12
(DS = 1.41), (c) sample-
14
(DS = 1.98), (d) sample-
18
(DS = 2.49) recorded in
D
2
O at 50 °C.
B. Muhitdinov, et al.
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