Handbuch der orientalistik section eight central asia

PJ OJ Tokyo

i1	(j)i	i
u	u	u
a	0	o
a	a	a
ia2	(j)e	e
ua3	(w)o	0
ui	i	i
ei	i	i
ai	e	e

Notes.

OJ ji is distinguished from i after velar and labial consonants; the dis­tinction is neutralized after dentals.

OJ je is distinguished from e after velar and labial consonants; the distinction is neutralized after dentals.

OJ wo is distinguished from o after dental and velar consonants; the distinction after labials also existed, but was already disappearing dur­ing the Nara period, and in most cases is difficult to be recovered from the writing system.

Prosody

The reconstruction of the PJ accentology is based on the accented Mid­dle Japanese (11th century) dictionary "Ruijumyogisho" (RJ) and on modern dialect data. RJ regularly marks high pitch (V) with a single upper dot, and low pitch (V) - with a single lower dot. The system of

170

INTRODUCTION

OJ accents is unknown, but a good guess is that it was close to the sys­tem attested in RJ. A discussion of the phonetic interpretation of the Middle Japanese and PJ accent system see in AYluUSiSi 64-67, 136-137. With the exception of the Kyoto "circumflex" pitch, all dialectal accent systems are well derivable from the RJ accents, with the following cor­respondences:

a) Monosyllabic nouns

PJ	RJ	Kyoto	Tokyo	Kagoshima	PR	Shuri	Hateruma
*v, *V-nka	ko, 'child'	ko, -ga	ko, -ga	ko, ko-ga	*A	ke 'hair'	kl
*v, *V-nka	ta, -ga 'field'	ta, ta-ga	ta, -ga	ta, ta-ga	*B	&	ta

The first type here corresponds to Martin's 1.1 or H(H), the second -to Martin's 1.3a or L(L). Martin (JLTT 179-182, 600-602) reconstructs two more accent types for monosyllabic nouns, namely 1.2 or H(L) and 1.3b or L(H). We should say that the number of words in the two latter classes is quite insignificant, and the correspondences far from clear. The type 1.3b is most probably just a collection of irregularities, while the type 1.2 may have some reality, since Kyoto has a distinct pitch pat­tern here (marked by Hirayama as 1;25). However, the number of words in this class (of which the most common one is na 'name') is quite small and it may well be an innovation in Kyoto-type dialects. It seems not quite probable that monosyllabic nouns had possessed more than two distinctive types of pitch.

b) Disyllabic nouns

PJ	RJ	Kyoto	Tokyo	Kagoshima	PR	Shuri	Hateruma
l.*VV, -nka	tume, -ga 'claw'	tsume, -ga	tsume, -ga	tsume, * tsume-ga	*A	tsimi	s| mi
2.*VV, -nka	isi, -ga ' stone'	ishi, -ga	ishi, -ga	ishi, ishi-ga	*A	?isi	?isi
3.*VV, -nka	inu, -ga 'dog'	inu, -ga	inu, -ga	inu, inu-ga	*B	lin	?inu
4.*VV,-nka	kata, -ga shoulder'	kata, kata-ga	kata, -ga	kata, kata-ga	*B	kata	kata
5.*VV,-nka	joru, -ga 'night'	joru, joru-ga	joru, -ga	jorii, joru-ga	*B	juru	juru

CHAPTER THREE

171

Here type 1 is Martin's 2.1 or HH(H); type 2 is Martin's 2.2b or HL(L); type 3 is Martin's 2.3 or LL(L); type 4 is Martin's 2.4 or LH(H); and type 5 is Martin's 2.5 or LH(L). Martin also lists a type 2.2a or *HH(L) which differs from type 2.2b in Tokyo-type dialects (instead of VV - VV), but he himself expresses doubts about its existence (JLTT 162); most of the words of this type probably just exhibit occasional irregularities or are a result of interdialectal influence. Type 5 no doubt exists, but differs from type 4 only in Kyoto-type dialects and is not reflected in RJ - which is certainly a recording of the old Kyoto-type dialect. Therefore one also cannot exclude here a later Kyoto innova­tion - although its origins are not yet clear. It has been argued that nouns of this type go back to an earlier structure *CVCVN, with a word-final nasal, but the arguments in favour of such a solution are clearly insufficient.

c) Trisyllabic nouns

PJ	RJ	Kyoto	Tokyo	Kagoshima	PR	Shuri	Hateruma
1. *vvv, -nka	keburi, -ga 'smoke'	kemuri, -ga	kemuri, -ga	kemuri, kemuri-ga	*A	kibusi	kipusi
2. *vvv, -nka	namida, -ga rtear'	namida, -ga	namida, "ga	namida, namida-ga	*B	nada	narida
3. *VVV, -nka	suzume, -ga 'sparrow'	suzume, "ga	suzume, "ga	suzume, suzume-ga	*B	?usadzi 'hare'	?usagi
4. *vvv, -nka	katana, *ga knife'	katana, "ga	katana, -ga	katana, katana-ga	*B	kagarj mirror'	katana
5. *VVV, -nka	kabuto, -ga 'helmet'	kabuto, -ga	kabuto, -ga	kabuto, kabuto-ga	*B	gudzira 'whale'	gudzira

Here type 1 is Martin's 3.1 or HHH(H); type 2 is Martin's 3.5b or LLH(H); type 3 is Martin's 3.6 or LHH(H); type 4 is Martin's 3.4 or LLL(L); and type 5 is Martin's 3.7b or LHL(L).

Although other accent patterns are also possible (Martin also lists: 3.1a or *HHH(L); 3.2a or HHL(L); 3.2b - also HHL(L), but with different behaviour in Tokyo type dialects; 3.3 or HLL(L); 3.5a or LLH(H), but with different behaviour in Tokyo type dialects; 3.7a or *LHH(L)).

172 INTRODUCTION

However, the above five types represent the absolute majority (more than 90%) of all trisyllabic nouns.

d) Verbs

P)	RJ	Kyoto	Tokyo	Kagoshima	PR	Shuri	Hateruma
*v-	jak(u) 'to burn'	jak(u)	jak(u)	jak(u)	A	jatsurj	jagur)
*v-	kak(u) fto write'	kak(u)	kak(u)	kak(u)	B	katsiirj	hakurj
*vv-	koros(u) 'to kill'	koros(u)	koros(u)	koros(u)	A	kurusur)	kurasur)
*vv-	fikar(ii) 'to shine'	hikar(u)	hikar(u)	hikar(u)	B	fitsajiirj	pikarurj
*vv-	arik(u) to walk'	aruk(u)	aruk(u)	aruk(u)	B	?attsurj	?'arugur)

Martin (JLTT198-204) distinguishes only two verbal accent classes: type A (corresponding to our *V- and *VV-) and type B (corresponding to our *V- and *VV-); the type *VV- is labelled as B'. It contains only a few verbal stems and Martin may be right in regarding it as secondary.

e) Adjectives

PJ	RJ	Kyoto	Tokyo	Kagoshima	PR	Shuri	Hateruma
*w-	ama(si) 'sweet'	ama(i)	ama(i)	ama(i)	A	?ama(sarj)	?ama(harj)
*vv-	taka(si) 'high'	taka(i)	taka(i)	taka(i)	B	taka(sai])	taka(hai])

These two types correspond to Martin's type A and type B respec­tively. RJ contains also a few adjectival stems*with the accent VV-, the origin of which (just as of the verbal *VV- type) is not quite clear; their reflexes coincide with the type *VV- in all dialects.

CHAPTER FOUR

ELEMENTS OF A COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF ALTAIC LANGUAGES

4.1. Derivation in Proto-Altaic

A dictionary is not a proper place for a comprehensive comparative grammar. However, knowledge of derivational morphology is abso­lutely necessary for evaluating proposed etymologies: in a vast number of cases we are faced with the inevitability of comparing different suf­fixed word forms. Here is the list of basic suffixes, with an explanation of their functions and examples.

4.1.0. PA *-0-

Although parts of speech, at least nouns and verbs, are clearly distin­guishable in all Altaic languages, 0-derivation (conversion) is also not an uncommon phenomenon. It is especially frequent in TM languages (cf. numerous cases like *idu- 'to command': idu 'order', *xila-ga 'flower, ornament' : *xila-ga- 'to adorn' etc.), rather common in Mongolian (*kele- 'to speak', *kele 'tongue, speech', *cimki- 'to pinch', *cimki 'a pinch' etc.). The phenomenon is less common in Turkic and Korean, and is absent in Japanese (in the latter case because a derived noun al­ways ends in *-i and is thus formally distinct from the verbal stem; this -i, however, may be a late addition, so that in pre-Proto-Japanese 0-conversion could have been quite normal).

4.1.1. PA *-b-

The basic function of this suffix, as described in EAS 2, 157-160 (cf. also Vovin 1997, 8), is passive / causative, and it is quite productive in TM (see Benzing 122-123). A *-b- (-p-/-w-) suffix is widely attested in Ko­rean, and a *-p- suffix - in Japanese, although their function is less ob­vious here: in Japanese the suffix is frequentative or just stem-forming, in Korean it is basically used in politeness forms, probably reflecting the original passive semantics. In Mongolian, as Ramstedt writes, this suffix - due to its phonological weakening - can be clearly detected only

174

INTRODUCTION

in clusters with preceding liquids, and has lost productivity. We must add that the suffix may be in many cases preserved as -ye- / -yi- > -ji-, but without external evidence it would be difficult to trace it to *-b-.

Finally, in Turkic, there are just a few cases when *-b- is preserved as -b- after liquids; in some cases it disappears without a trace, leaving only vowel labialization (*-Vb- > -u), and is generally rather poorly pre­served. PA *arV 'witchcraft, craft' (PT *ar- 'to deceive, make magic'; PTM *ar-

'to come to one's senses; appear in one's imagination'): PT *ar-ba- 'to

make magic; deceive', PTM *ar-bu- 'shape, form' PA *bojlo 'to learn, be attentive' (not attested suffixless, see under *-gV):

PM *bol-ba- 'trained, educated', PJ *ba$i-pa- 'to teach' PA *culi 'to grow less, shrink' (PK *cur-): PM *cbluji-, Evk. cul-bi-PA *dure 'to burn, set fire' (Bur. dure-, Evn. dur-): PM *dur-be- 'to blaze,

flame', Man. do-bu- 'to set fire' PA *efa 'to go astray, mistake' (PT *dr-, Evk. ere- 'to be mistaken', PJ

*drd- 'to behave violently': PM *ere-yu 'torture, crime', PTM *eru~ (=

*eru-bu-) 'bad, torture', PK *brjd-b- 'to be difficult, in distress' PA *giula 'thin, short' (Nan. Gol- 'rare (with intervals)', PJ *kdru- 'light'):

PT *Kil-bi- 'thin, short', PM *gul-bi-'be thin, lean' PA *ila 'to rub, smear' (PT *ili-, PM *(h)ili- 'to rub, stroke', PTM *ile- 'to

lick'): PM *(h)il-bi-, PK *ar(b)u- 'to rub' PA Hie 'to go away, drive away' (Mong. He- 'go away'): PM *ile-ye- 'to

send', PTM *il-be- 'to drive' PA *ibpe 'to cover, to wear' (PM *ibe-, PJ *dp-): PM *ibe-ye-, PJ *bpd-p-PA *iru 'to be ashamed, shy, hostile' (PT *ir 'shame, to be ashamed',

Kor. iri- 'to scare, threaten'): PM *(h)ir-ba- 'discontent, cranky', PJ

*utua-(m)p- 'to shun, neglect' PA *kfulo 'to roll, turn' (PT *Kula- 'to roll down, fall', PTM *xol-1 *xul-

'walk round, turn round', Jpn. koro 'round log'): PM *kol-be- 'to lie

on one side', PK *kur-b- > *kubr- > kuwir- (?) 'to roll', PJ *kkd-mp- id. PA *mdro 'to roll, bend' (PTM *mari- 'to turn, return', PK *mar- 'to roll

up'): PM *mari-ja- 'to crawl, be in ambush', PTM *mari-b- 'to bend,

curl', PJ *matud-p- {-dp-) 'to roll up, wrap' PA *ne 'to lie, put' (PTM *ne-, PJ *nd-): PM *ni-yu- 'to hide, conceal', PK

*nu-b- 'to lie' PA *olu 'to be startled, annoyed' (PTM *ola- 'be afraid, startled'): PM

*ulba-ji-, *ulbe-ji- 'be weak, dizzy', PTM *olba-n- 'to be bored' PA *p'elo 'walk, run' (PT *eL, PTM *peli-): PTM *pel-bu- 'to lead', PK

*parb- 'to tread' PA *fedu 'transmit' (PTM *tede-): PM *te$i-je-, PTM *tede-b-f PJ *tutd-p-

CHAPTER FOUR

175

PA *treja 'be calm, quiet' (PTM *teje-, PJ *tdjd-): PM *taji-bu-, PTM *teje-ba-n~, PJ *tajii- (with a regular development *-b- >-w-(-u-) after

-j-)