Handbuch der orientalistik section eight central asia

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INTRODUCTION

PTM	Fvk	Evn	Sol	Neg	Oroch	Ud	Ulcha	Orok	Nan	Man	Jurdi
j	|,fP	j, 022	J/022	i'022	(,0»	j,(F	1,0*	),0*	(,0*	j,0»	1,022
k-	k-	k-	k-/x-	k-	k-	k-	k-	k-	k-	k-/x-	k-
k23	k	k	k/x/y/0	k/x	k/x/0	k/x/y/0	k/0	k/0	k/0	k/x	k/x
%'	P	8	8	8	g	g	g	g	g	g	g !
g24	Y	Y/w/j/0Jy/w/j/o|y/w/j/4'/w/]7o|y/w/j/O					Y/'w/j/Ok'/w/j/O		y/w/j/aY/w/j/ofy/w
X-	0	0	0	0	0	0	x/s4	x/s4	x/s4	0/x25	h
X26	k	k	k/x/y/0	k/x	k/x/0	k/x/y/0	x/0	x/0	x/0	k/x	k/x
r>-	0	n	i)	n, ni-	r)/ri/m22	n/ri/m/w22	n/ri/m/h/m/w27m/m/w g/w29 W27 j/028 1				g/w/rH
0	0	0	13	n	0,0	13,0	5S:.P?!..	r>g,03°	OS-030	ng,m	0, m 1

Notes

0- in the North Baikal dialect.

0- in the Kamchatka and Arman dialects.

Sporadically - s- before -i-.

s- before *-i- and *-ia-.

p- in literary Nanai and in the Naikhi dialect; f- in the Bikin dialect; in Kur-Urmi usually x-, but some examples of f- are also attested, obvi­ously because of interdialectal borrowings (the Kur-Urmi dialect his­torically belongs rather not to Nanai, but to the Northern subgroup of TM).

Intervocalic *-p- is rather stable in Ulcha, Orok and Nanai, where it is usually preserved (but occasionally can be voiced > -b-; in Bikin Nanai the standard reflex is -f-). Evenki and Even have either a stop (Evk. -p-, Evn. -b-) or a resonant (Evk. -W-/-0-, Evn. -W-/-0-). In Anuria we re­constructed *-p- for the former, but *-b- for the latter row of correspon­dences. It appears, however, that they are in complementary distribu­tion, the Evk.-Evn. -w-reflex appearing for the most part between iden­tical vowels (in sequences *apa, *epe, *upu, *ipi, *iapa, also *opa > *opo); in a number of exceptions, where Evenki and Even have -p- be­tween identical vowels, we are probably dealing with later vocalic as­similations.

All languages except Manchu usually have -w-/-0- here; Manchu has a variation -b-/-w- (occasionally also -f-). Languages of the Southern branch can also occasionally have -b- here: for the most part we may be dealing with Manchu loanwords, but a genuine dialect variation also cannot be excluded. In Northern languages (in Even, much less fre­quently in Evenki dialects) the reflex -y- is also sometimes observed, usually before the following -u-.

CHAPTER THREE

159

In this row of correspondences, Tsintsius 1949 and Starostin (AOm-rDtH) reconstructed PTM *-w~; in the dictionary we have adopted Benzing's reconstruction *-b-, thus eliminating PTM *-w- from the sys­tem altogether. Note that the only reliable case where initial *w- can be reconstructed, PTM *wa- kill', should also be rather emended to *Vba-(probably *eba-, cf. eb- in Manchu eb-te gaxun 'hunting bird' = * killing bird').

PTM *-b- is usually well preserved in all languages in clusters with consonants (*-rb-, Mb- etc.).

> h in the position of palatalization.

Sporadically > c before -i-.

> c before -i- and -ia-.

Sporadically > 3 before -i-.

> 3 before -i- and -ia-.

13. The Evenki dialects are classified into s-dialects, s-dialects,

h-dialects and s/h-dialects, see details in Bac. In the s-dialects *s > s; in
the s-dialects *s > s; in the h-dialects *s > h; in the s/h-dialects *s- > s-, -s-
>-h-.

0 in the Kamchatka dialect, s in the Arman dialect.

> s before -i-, -ia-; c or c in some old recordings.

On the development in Even dialects see details in P3C. In the Kolyma-Omolon dialect *-s-, *-s > s; in the Indigir dialect *-s- > -h-; in the Arman dialect *s > c in consonant clusters.

All languages reveal (in various degrees) the tendency of shifting *1->n-.

In the Bikin dialect: c before i, otherwise c.

In the Bikin dialect: 3 before i, otherwise 3.

The reconstruction of *s was introduced in AYlyiURR, following a suggestion of O. Mudrak. We must add that a fricative reflex, besides Manchu, is also present in the Bikin dialect of Nanai; all other lan­guages have completely merged PTM *s and *c.

Initial *ri- may develop into j- between front vowels and *-ia-, al­though exact rules are not yet quite clear, because of a great deal of confusion between *n- and *ri- (sometimes also *n-) in this position.

Depending on the vocalic environment.

Intervocalic *-k- is usually preserved. It can, however, yield -0- in trisyllabic words in Ulcha, Orok and Nanai, and occasionally also gives -0-reflexes in Oroch and Udehe (very rarely - in Even). A fricative reflex (with a not quite clear distribution) is also attested in Negidal, Solon, Udehe, Manchu and Jurchen. In a few cases in disyllabic and trisyllabic

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forms variants with -G- are attested in Southern languages, being probably just misrecordings for a weakened intervocalic uvular -q-.

Intervocalic *-g- is extremely unstable. In this position it is usually articulated as a fricative -y- (in the back row alternatively recorded as -G-, -y- or -K-) and is best preserved in Evenki. The most frequent re­flexes in other languages are -w-, -j- or -0-, depending on vocalic envi­ronment.

The basic reflex in Manchu is 0- (occasionally j-, sometimes nasal­ized to n- in front of the following nasal). The reflex x- is, however, also not unfrequent (unlike Northern languages that only have 0- here). Note that in all attested cases, Jurchen, which is actually an old Manchu dialect, still has h- (that was possibly pronounced as x-), thus a number of words with x- < *x- in Manchu may be a result of old interdialectal mixture.

Intervocalic *-x- is an innovation in PTM reconstruction, first pro­posed in 4h6o 1990. It is based on the distinction between -k- and -x-in Ulcha, Orok and Nanai. Northern languages, as well as Oroch, Udehe and Manchu have completely merged the reflexes of *-k- and *-x-. Such a reconstruction seems probable for two reasons: 1) the lan­guages that preserve the distinction between *-k- and *-x- are exactly the same languages that preserve initial *x-; 2) the distinction between *-k- and *-x- seems to reflect the Altaic distinction *-k- : *-kr- (see above), thus exactly parallelling the distinction *k- : *x- in word-initial position.

Depending on the vocalic environment; w- before a diphthong.

n- or m- depending on the vocalic environment; w- before a diph­thong; 0- before a following nasal.

w- before a diphthong.

n in *Cini; 0 in trisyllabic suffixed forms and in disyllables ending in a nasal (see LImhiimvc 1949, 44).

The Tungus-Manchu languages have also a rich system of conso­nant clusters, frequently yielding rather complicated reflexes. Here is the basic system of correspondences for non-standard TM consonant clusters:

PTM	Evk	Evn	Sol	Neg	Oroch	Ud	Ulcha	Orok	Nan	Man
pk	pk	pk	kk	pk	PP	kp	PP	kp	kp	x
Pt	Pt	Pt	kt, tt	P*	tt	pt, tt
rp	rP	rp	rp,PP	tp	PP	kp	IP	rP	rP	p, rf
IP	IP						IP	!P	*P	lf,p
lb	lb	lb	lb	lb	bb	gb	lb	lb	lb	lb,b