Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering



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Bog'liq
Photovoltaic science and engineering (1)

Figure 3.12
Electron and hole mobilities in silicon for
T
=
300 K
µ
p
=
54
.
3
+
406
.
9
1
+
N
+
D
+
N

A
2
.
35
×
10
17
0
.
88
cm
2
/
V-s
(3.60)
and are plotted in Figure 3.12. At low impurity levels, the mobility is governed by
intrinsic lattice scattering, while at high levels the mobility is governed by ionized impu-
rity scattering.
Electrons and holes in semiconductors tend, as a result of their random thermal
motion, to move (diffuse) from regions of high concentration to regions of low concen-
tration. Much like how the air in a balloon is distributed evenly within the volume of
the balloon, carriers, in the absence of any external forces, will also tend to distribute
themselves evenly. This process is called
diffusion
and the diffusion current densities are
given by
J
diff
p
= −
qD
p

p
(3.61)
J
diff
n
=
qD
n

n
(3.62)
where
D
p
and
D
n
are the hole and electron diffusion coefficients, respectively. Note that
they are driven by the gradient of the carrier densities.
In thermal equilibrium, there can be no net hole current and no net electron
current – in other words, the drift and diffusion currents must exactly balance. In nonde-
generate materials, this leads to the Einstein relationship
D
µ
=
kT
q
(
3
.
63
)


FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS
81
and allows the diffusion coefficient to be directly computed from the mobility. Generalized
forms of the Einstein relationship, valid for degenerate materials, are
D
n
µ
n
=
1
q
n
d
n
d
E
F

1
(
3
.
64
)
and
D
p
µ
p
=

1
q
p
d
p
d
E
F

1
.
(
3
.
65
)
The diffusion coefficient actually increases when degeneracy effects come into play.
The total hole and electron currents (vector quantities) are the sum of their drift
and diffusion components
J
p

J
drift
p

J
diff
p
=

p
p
E

qD
p

p
= −

p
p

φ

qD
p

p
(3.66)
J
n

J
drift
n

J
diff
n
=

n
n
E
+
qD
n

n
= −

n
n

φ
+
qD
n

n
(3.67)
The total current is then
J

J
p

J
n

J
disp
(
3
.
68
)
where
J
disp
is the
displacement current
given by
J
disp
=

D
∂t
.
(
3
.
69
)
D
=
ε
E
is the dielectric displacement field, where
ε
is the electric permittivity of the
semiconductor. The displacement current is typically neglected in solar cells since they
are static (dc) devices.

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