Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering



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Photovoltaic science and engineering (1)

3.5.6 High-level Injection
In high-level injection, the excess carrier concentrations greatly exceed the doping in
the base region, so
p

n

n

p
if the carriers are moving generally in the same
direction. This occurs with back-contact solar cells, such as the silicon point-contact solar
1.30
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
Illumination concentration
[X]
h
(X suns)/
h
(1 sun)
Figure 3.25
Relative efficiency as a function of illumination concentration


108
THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL
n
-type base
Metal contacts
Antireflective layer
Sunlight
p
+
n
+
Figure 3.26
Schematic of a back-contact solar cell
cell [22], as illustrated in Figure 3.26. Since both electrical contacts are on the back,
there is no grid shadowing. These cells are typically used in concentrator application and
high-level injection conditions pervade. Assuming high-level injection, a simple analysis
is possible.
Returning to equations (3.76) and (3.77), it can be seen that in high-level injection,
the electric field can be eliminated (it is not necessarily zero), resulting in the ambipolar
diffusion equation
D
a
d
2
p
d
x
2

p
τ
n
+
τ
p
= −
G(x),
(
3
.
166
)
where the ambipolar diffusion coefficient is given by
D
a
=
2
D
n
D
p
D
n
+
D
p
.
(
3
.
167
)
The ambipolar diffusion coefficient is always less than the larger diffusion coefficient and
greater than the smaller one.
In silicon, where
D
n
/D
p

3 over a wide range of doping, the ambipolar diffu-
sion coefficient is
D
a

3
/
2
D
p

1
/
2
D
n
and, if we also assume
τ
p

τ
n
, the ambipolar
diffusion length is
L
a


3
L
p

L
n
.
(
3
.
168
)


ADDITIONAL TOPICS
109
Thus, the increased high-injection lifetime (see equation 3.40) offsets the reduced ambipo-
lar diffusion coefficient.
It is crucial that the front surface of a back-contacted cell be well passivated,
so we will assume that
S
F
=
0. We will further assume that optical generation is uni-
form throughout the base region. At open circuit, with these assumptions,
d
2
p/dx
2
=
0
and therefore
V
OC
=
2
kT
q
ln
G(τ
n
+
τ
p
)
n
i
.
(
3
.
169
)
The short-circuit current (with
p
0 at the back of the cell) is
I
SC
=
qAL
a
G
sinh
(W
B
/L
a
)
(
3
.
170
)
which, when
L
a
W
B
, becomes
I
SC
=
qAW
B
G.
(
3
.
171
)

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