Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering



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Photovoltaic science and engineering (1)

Figure 2.2
Evolution of the global photovoltaic market [2]. Until 1996 the growth rate was
approximately 15%/annum. Today’s growth rates are in the order of 30%/annum


48
MOTIVATION FOR PV APPLICATION AND DEVELOPMENT
1
10
100
1000
10 000
100 000
100
10
1
[$ /W
p
]
Cumulated power
[MW
p
]
Figure 2.3
Price-experience curve of the photovoltaic market until 2000 [2]. Scale: double log-
arithmic. The slope of the curve is characterised by a factor
f
=
0
.
8. This means that a doubling
of the photovoltaic shipment resulted in a price reduction down to 80%
chance of at least a break even between PV electricity and conventional electricity prices,
given that the external (social) costs of non-sustainable electricity are properly taken
into account.
2.2 A LONG-TERM SUBSTITUTE
FOR TODAY’S CONVENTIONAL ELECTRICITY
PRODUCTION – THE ECOLOGICAL DIMENSION
OF PHOTOVOLTAICS
A sustainable development has to respect certain guard rails. With respect to the
energy supply system, these are mainly determined by the global warming/CO
2
problem
(Figure 2.4). A global warming of more than 2

C (with respect to the pre-industrialised
period) and a warming rate of 0.2

C per decade seems to be the upper limits for a
development that may be kept under control. These settings are in accordance with the
results of recent studies of the International Panel on Climate Change [3].
Since preservation and expansion and especially the transformation of energy sys-
tems require important investments, a strategy of large stopping-distances seems reason-
able. For example, the German Advisory Council on Global Change proposes a continuous
CO
2
reduction rate of 1% per year over the next 150 years [3]. If one strives for a fair
and rational distribution of the worldwide reduction obligations, the highly industrialised
nations have to reduce their CO
2
emissions until 2050 by almost 80% relative to the 1990
level [3]. This reduction mainly affects the energy sector including fuels for transportation.


THE ECOLOGICAL DIMENSION OF PHOTOVOLTAICS
49
Direct
measurements
[ppm]
[ppm]
P rojections
Ice core data
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1000
1200
1400
1600
(a)
(b)
1800
2000 2100
Scenarios
A1B
A1T
A1F1
A2
B1
B2
IS92a
Scenarios
Observations. Northern Hemisphere,
proxy data
Global
instrumental
observations
Several models
all SRES
envelope
A1B
A1T
A1F1
A2
B1
B2
IS92a
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

0.5

1.0
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
Bars show the
range in year
2100
produced by
several
models
Departures in temperature in 
°
C (from the 1990 value)
Projections

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