Table 9.4
Important properties of Ge, GaAs, and GaInP at 298 K
Ge
GaAs
Ga
x
In
1
−
x
P
Al
x
In
1
−
x
P
Atoms/cm
3
4
.
42
×
10
22
4
.
44
×
10
22
Lattice constant [ ˚
A]
5.657906 [37]
5.65318 [37]
=
a
GaAs
for
=
a
GaAs
for
x
=
0
.
516
x
=
0
.
532
Energy gap [eV]
Indirect
1.424 [37]
Disordered
Indirect
0.662
1.91 [41]
2.34
Direct
Direct
0.803 [37]
2.53 [37]
Density of states
Conduction band
N
C
[cm
−
3
]
1
.
04
×
10
19
4
.
7
×
10
17
Valence band
N
V
[cm
−
3
]
6
.
0
×
10
18
7
.
0
×
10
18
Intrinsic carrier con-
centration [cm
−
3
]
2
.
33
×
10
13
2
.
1
×
10
6
Linear coefficient of
thermal
expansion [K
−
1
]
7
.
0
×
10
−
6
[37]
6
.
0
×
10
−
6
[37]
5
.
3
×
10
−
6
[38]
6
.
63
×
10
−
6
[38]
MATERIALS ISSUES RELATED TO GaInP/GaAs/Ge SOLAR CELLS
387
•
As mentioned above, material grown under compression is usually more stable to
relaxation than material under tension, allowing one to err more toward negative values
of
θ
.
•
Because of dynamical scattering effects, the measured
θ
for a thin (
≤
0
.
1
µ
m) epi-
layer will be less than that of a thicker layer with the same composition and lattice
mismatch [39].
•
The value of
θ
for epilayers grown on nonsingular (100) substrates is not unique,
but depends on the orientation of the substrate with respect to the X-ray beam. The
effective
θ
is the average of two measurements of
θ
. The first measurement is made
in the conventional manner; the second measurement is made with the sample rotated
by 180
◦
[40]. For vicinal substrates close to (100), this effect is small, usually
∼
10%
at misorientation of 6
◦
; however, for
{
511
}
substrates, the effect is closer to 50%.
9.6.3.2 Optical properties of GaInP
9.6.3.2.1 Ordering in GaInP
Prior to 1986, it was generally assumed that the band gap of a III-V ternary alloy semicon-
ductor such as Ga
x
In
1
−
x
P was a unique function of the composition, and most publications
showed Ga
x
In
1
−
x
P, lattice matched to GaAs, as having a band gap of 1.9 eV. However,
in 1986 Gomyo
et al
. [42] reported that the band gap of Ga
x
In
1
−
x
P grown by MOCVD
was usually less than 1.9 eV and depended on the growth conditions. In a subsequent
paper [43], they showed that the band gap shift was correlated with the ordering of Ga
and In on the Group III sublattice. The ordered structure is CuPt-like, with alternat-
ing
{
111
}
planes of Ga
0
.
5
+
η/
2
In
0
.
5
−
η/
2
P and Ga
0
.
5
−
η/
2
In
0
.
5
+
η/
2
P, where
η
is the long-range
order parameter. Perfectly ordered GaInP (
η
=
1) would be composed of alternating
{
111
}
planes of GaP and InP. The first theoretical treatments of ordering in Ga
x
In
1
−
x
P were
put forward by Kondow and coworkers [44] using the tight binding theory, and by Kuri-
moto and Hamada [45] using the “first-principles” Linearized Augmented Plane Wave
(LAPW) theory.
The functional relationship between the band gap’s change,
E
g
, and the order
parameter for GaInP was first published by Capaz and Koiller [46]:
E
g
= −
130
η
2
+
30
η
4
(in meV)
(
9
.
20
)
A more recent result [47] suggests that
E
g
= −
484
.
5
η
2
+
435
.
4
η
4
−
174
.
4
η
6
(in meV)
(
9
.
21
)
The effects of various growth parameters on the ordering and the band gap of
Ga
x
In
1
−
x
P have been studied extensively. The band gap of Ga
x
In
1
−
x
P is a function not
only of the growth temperature,
T
g
, but also of the growth rate,
R
g
, the phosphine partial
pressure,
P
PH3
, substrate misorientation from (100), and the doping level. Some of these
effects are illustrated in Figure 9.14. Although the behavior is very complicated, there are
a few characteristics that stand out. For example, for substrates that are closely oriented to
within a few degrees of (100), the band gap of GaInP, using typical values for
T
g
,
R
g
, and
388
HIGH-EFFICIENCY III-V MULTIJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS
1.90
1.88
1.86
1.84
1.82
1.80
1.78
Band gap
[eV]
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Substrate misorientation
[
°
]
600
700
725
675
625
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