Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering



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Photovoltaic science and engineering (1)

Figure 9.5
Illustration of the addition of
J

V
curves for two series-connected subcells. The lower
panel is an expanded view of the current range in the vicinity of the current-limiting top subcell
J
SC
, showing how the tandem
J
SC
is limited to the lesser of the subcell currents. The
J

V
of the
top subcell in this example is slightly leaky, which makes the addition of the subcell
J

V
curves
near
J
SC
easier to see. The X’s mark voltage of the top, bottom, and tandem when the tandem is
at short circuit of 14 mA/cm
2


370
HIGH-EFFICIENCY III-V MULTIJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS
value of current, the tandem cell is at zero bias; hence
J
SC
. This behavior illustrates the
general principle that for subcells without significant leakage or reverse-bias breakdown,
the tandem
J
SC
is constrained to be, to a very good approximation, the lesser of the
J
SC
s
of the subcells.
(Note that this current-limiting characteristic makes series-connected
multijunction cells of the type considered here much
worse
than single-junction cells for
conversion of narrowband spectra such as the light from a laser! The reader should try to
make sure to understand why this is the case.)
To model multijunction devices quantitatively, we need expressions for the subcell
J

V
curves,
V
i
(J )
. To proceed, we use the classical ideal–photodiode
J

V
equations
(neglecting the depletion region), [19]
J
=
J
0
[exp
(
eV
/kT )

1]

J
SC
(
9
.
12
)
where
e
is the electric charge, and we have assumed that the diode ideality factor is 1.
An important special case of this is
V
OC

(
kT
/e)
ln
(J
SC
/J
0
)
(
9
.
13
)
because, in practice,
J
SC
/J
0
1. The dark current density
J
0
is given by
J
0
=
J
0
,
base
+
J
0
,
emitter
(
9
.
14
)
where
J
0
,
base
=
e
D
b
L
b
n
2
i
N
b
(S
b
L
b
/D
b
)
+
tanh
(x
b
/L
b
)
(S
b
L
b
/D
b
)
tanh
(x
b
/L
b
)
+
1
(
9
.
15
)
and a similar equation describes
J
0
,
emitter
. The intrinsic carrier concentration
n
i
is given by
n
2
i
=
4
M
c
M
v
(
2
π
kT
/ h
2
)
3
(m

e
m

h
)
3
/
2
exp
(

E
g
/
kT
)
(
9
.
16
)
where
m

e
and
m

h
are the electron and hole effective masses, and
M
c
and
M
v
are the
number of equivalent minima in the conduction and valence bands, respectively.
N
b
(
e
)
is
the base (emitter) ionized-impurity density.
Each junction in a multijunction structure is described by eqs. (9.12)–(9.16); the
ith junction will have dark current
J
0
,
i
short-circuit
J
SC
,
i
etc, with a corresponding
J

V
characteristic
V
i
(J )
. Adding these
V
i
(J )
curves for the individual junctions gives the full
multijunction
V (J )
curve of eq. (9.11). The maximum-power point
{
J
mp,
V
mp
}
can be
calculated numerically as the point on the
V (J )
curve that maximizes
J
×
V (J )
. The
various solar cell performance parameters of interest can be extracted from the
J

V
curve in the usual way; for example,
V
OC
=
V (
0
)
,
FF
=
J
mp
V
mp
/(V
OC
J
SC
)
.

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