Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering


 The Union Carbide Process



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Photovoltaic science and engineering (1)

5.4.2 The Union Carbide Process
Research on this process was initiated in 1976 after the international oil crisis. The US
Government funded several projects with the objective of finding a route to inexpensive
solar grade polysilicon. The Union Carbide process for silane production, with fluidised
bed production of polysilicon, was selected for further funding. When the funding was
not provided for political reasons, Union Carbide decided to use the silane technology
for the production of semiconductor grade polysilicon. Silane deposition technology for
polysilicon rods was licensed from Komatsu Electronic Metals, Japan. In 1990, the busi-
ness was sold to Komatsu, which became Advanced Silicon Materials (ASiMI). By 1998,
two large industrial plants were constructed in the United States with the nominal capacity
of 5500 MT polysilicon, thus ranking ASiMI as number two or three worldwide among
the polysilicon producers. A schematic overview of the process is given in Figure 5.4.
The main process steps are as follows:
The hydrogenation of tetrachlorosilane through a mass bed of silicon metal is carried out
in a fluidised bed reactor as already described by equation (5.33).
The trichlorosilane is separated by distillation while the unreacted tetrachlorosilane is
recycled back to the hydrogenation reactor.
TCS synthesis
by
hydrogenation
of
TET in
fluidised bed
reactor
Residues:
spent mass
Low boiling
impurities
Redistribution 1
in catalytic
column
Separation
DCS/TET/TCS
distillation
MG-Si: Metallurgical
grade silicon
TCS: Trichlorosilane
TET: Tetrachlorosilane
DCS: Dichlorosilane
TET
TET
TET
DCS
MG-Si
TCS
TCS
TET
Separation
TCS/TET
by
distillation
Pyrolysis
on heated
silicon rods
Electrical
energy
Poly
silicon
H
2
Redistribution 2
in catalytic
column
Purification
of SiH
4
distillation
Separation
DCS/TET/SiH
4
SiH
4
H
2

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