particle size and size dist ribution.
Tabl e 41.2
shows
how the ch oice of the atomizer affe cts chamber
design, size, as well as energy con sumption of atom-
ization and particle size dist ribution . The newly devel-
oped tw o-fluid sonic nozzles appear to be especi ally
attractiv e choices when ne arly mon odisper se powder s
need to be produ ced from relative ly moderat e viscos -
ity feeds (e.g., under 2 50 cp) at capacit ies up to 80 t/h
by using mult iple nozzles. M ore exampl es may be
found in Kudra and Mujumdar [21].
New drye rs are be ing developed con tinuous ly as a
result of industrial demand s. Over 2 50 U.S. patent s
l
Column dryer with internal tube
l
Multistage fluid bed
Wet chips
500–1000 ppm
Moisture
<50 ppm
Moisture
Crystallizer/
dryer
Final Dryer
Continuous
Direct
Continuous
Direct
Batch
Indirect
Batch
Indirect
l
Vacuum tumbler
l
Fluid bed
l
Vibro-fluid bed
l
Pulsed fluid bed
l
Vortex (spouted) bed
l
Column dryer (with mixer)
l
Paddle dryer
l
Vacuum tumbler
l
Paddle dryer
FIGURE 41.15
Schematic diagram of crystallization/drying steps in the production of polyester chips.
e.g., for magnetic tape e.g., for speciality fiber,
film
e.g., for PET bottles,
staple fiber, etc.
Polymers chips:
quality parameter
High
Medium
Average
A. Crystallizer: fluid bed
B. Finish dryer:
multistage fluid bed
with dehumidified air
A. Crystallizer: fluid bed
or pulse fluid bed or
paddle crystallizer
B. Finish dryer:
column dryer with a
central tube for
smooth downward
flow of chips
Single column
crystallizer/dryer with
a mixer in the top
crystallizer section
to avoid agglomeration
Low capital/operating
cost, smaller space
requirements
FIGURE 41.16
Possible dryer types for drying of polyester chips.
ß
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
are grante d each year related to dryers (equipm ent)
and drying (proces s); in the Eur opean Com munity
about 8 0 patent s are issue d a nnually on dryers .
Kudra and Mujumdar [21] have discus sed a wide
assortment of novel drying techn ologies, whi ch are
beyond the scope of this chapter . Suffice it to note
that many of the ne w technol ogies (e.g., superhea ted
steam, pulse comb ustion— new gas-pa rticle co ntac-
tors as dryers ) will eventual ly rep lace conv entiona l
dryers in the next de cade or two. Among the mo re
popular new dryers for polyme rs is the pulsed bed
dryer. This dryer uses pulsat ing motion imparted to
the bed of parti cles by periodicall y reloca ting the
fluidized region of the vessel. This type of dryer ha s
been claimed to ha ve a higher e fficiency and lower air
consumpt ion for fluidiza tion and for dry ing. It is
discus sed in detai l by Kudra and Mujumdar [21] .
New techno logies are inherent ly mo re risky and
more difficult to scale -up. Hen ce, there is natural
reluctan ce to their adop tion. Reader s are encouraged
to revie w the ne w de velopm ents in order to be su re
that their selec tion is the most appro priate one for the
applic ation at hand.
It is well known that most polyme rs leaving the
polyme rization react or con tain various but smal l
amounts of unreact ed monomer , solvents, wat er,
and/or va rious react ion by -product s. The presence
of these volat iles in the polyme r is undesir able. Thei r
concen trations may range from severa l pa rts per mil -
lion to severa l tens of percen tage. Their separation
from bulk polyme r is necessa ry to impr ove pol ymer
propert ies, to recover monomer an d solvent s, to meet
health an d e nvironm ental regula tions, to elim inate
odors, and /or to increa se the extent of polyme riza-
tion. This pro cess of devo latilizati on is us ually per-
formed abo ve the glass transition tempe ratur e of the
polyme r. The read er is refer red to Alba lak [20] for
detailed discussion of the theory of devolatilization
and various devolatilizing equipments.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to S.N. Rosin (Rosin
Engineering, London) and Michael Spino (Rosin
Americas, Montreal) for the contents of Section 6 of
this chapter and
Figure 41.14
. We are grateful to
Purnima and Anita Mujumdar for their assistance in
preparing this chapter.
REFERENCES
1. Oringer, K.,
CEP
, 68(3):96–190 (1972).
2. Mujumdar, A.S.,
Ind. Inst. Chem. Engrs
., 4:98–106
(December 1981).
3. Driver, W.E.,
Plastics Chemistry and Technology
, Van
Nostrand, New York, 1979.
4. Lenz, R.W.,
Organic Chemistry of Synthetic High
Polymers
, Interscience, New York, 1967.
5. Dittman, F.W.,
Chem. Eng. NY
, 84(2):106–108 (1977).
6. Mujumdar, A.S., Industrial drying systems seminar,
Paper No. SN-4, McNeill & Magor, Bombay, India,
1984.
7. Funaoka, R., Industrial drying systems seminar, Paper
No. SN-9, McNeill & Magor, Bombay, India, 1984.
8. Forthuber, D.,
CEP
, 79(4):71–76 (1983).
9. Hass, D. and Rossi, R.A.,
CEP
, 70(4):43–50 (1983).
10. Bepex Corporation,
CEP
, 79(4):5 (1983).
11. Yamato, Y., U.S. Patent 3,815,255 (1974).
12. Mujumdar, A.S., Industrial drying systems seminar,
Paper No. SN-12, McNeill & Magor, Bombay, India,
1984.
13. Glanvill, A.B.,
Plastics Engineering Data Book
, Indus-
trial Press, New York, 1974.
14. Herron, D. and Hammel, D.,
CEP
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15. Eberspacher, R.,
Plastics Eng
., 36(7):25–28 (1980).
TABLE 41.2
Spray Drying of Emulsion-PVC. Effect of Selection of Atomizer on Spray Dryer Performance: A Comparison
between Different Atomizers
Parameter
Rotary Disk
Two-Fluid (Sonic)
Two-Fluid (Standard)
Dryer geometry
Conical/cylindrical
H
/
D
1.2–1.5
Tall-form cylindrical
H
/
D
4
Tall-form
Cylindrical
H
/
D
5
Evaporation capacity (water) (kg/h)
1600
1600
1600
Chamber (
D
H
) (m)
6.5
8
3.5
15
3
18
Number of nozzles
1,175-mm disk
16 nozzles
18 nozzles
15,000 rpm
4 bar pressure
4 bar pressure
Power for atomizer (W/kg slurry)
25
20
80
Capital cost
High
Medium
Medium
Operating cost
Medium
Low
High
ß
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
16. Roff, W.J. and Scott, J.R.,
Handbook of Common
Polymers
, Butterworths, London, 1971.
17. Shah, R.M. and Aroara, P.K., in
Drying ’92
, Part B,
Mujumdar, A.S. (Ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Neth-
erlands, pp. 1311–1320 (1992).
18. Vergnaud, J.M.,
Drying of Polymeric and Solid
Materials
, Springer, Berlin (1991).
19. Shah, R.M. and Arora, P.K., in
Drying ’96
, Strumillo, C.,
Pakowski, Z., and Mujumdar, A.S. (Ed.), Lodz, Poland,
pp. 1361–1366 (1966).
20. Albalak, R.J. (Ed.),
Polymer Devolatilization
, Marcel
Dekker, New York, pp. 722 (1996).
21. Kudra, T. and Mujumdar A.S.,
Advanced Drying Tech-
nologies
, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 457 (2001).
ß
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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