Grammar for ielts fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson ■L& 11

and technical}
was lim ited compared to men but (4) 
[who are studying and working in science
and technology / in the number of w om en/a dramatic rise}
has occurred in recent years. 
Therefore it can be argued that (5) 
[the importance of/w hich allows people to develop their
s k ills /a focused education) 
should not be underestim ated in the field of invention.
j Gram m ar tip: 
M ultiple nouns such as 
female business owners 
can be d iffic u lt to order.
| When trying to order these types of nouns rem em ber that the firs t noun w ill describe or 
i categorize the nouns that follow. In this case 
business owners 
is a noun phrase and we
I 
use 
female business owners 
to state w hat type of business owners.
3
In the following paragraph, rewrite the underlined sections as noun phrases. Use the
structure the + general noun + specific noun. You may need to think of a suitable general
noun. The first one has been done for you.
Parents can have different views about (1) how th e ir children are educated at p rim ary 
school depending on w hether the child is a boy or g irl. Men often th in k about aspects such 
as (2) w hat different activities the boys and g irls w ill do. or (3) w hat space is available fo r 
doing physical exercise in the school grounds, w hereas wom en can be more concerned 
about (4) how many children w ill be in the same class as th e ir child and (5) w hat kind 
of person the teacher is. However, there are many points which concern both parents 
irrespective of gender, fo r example, (6) how much money a school spends on fa cilitie s and 
the quality of care which is provided by the staff.