Grammar for ielts fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson ■L& 11

Object relative clauses 
need a new subject as the pronoun re Dresents the object:
The penguins were the best anim als that I saw at the zoo.
That
refers to 
penguins,
so we m ust add a subject (/) fo r the relative clause (I saw the penguins at 
the zoo).
Shortening relative clauses
The follow ing are ways in w hich a relative clause can be reduced:
1 
A relative pronoun + verb can be replaced w ith a participle:
The cat spits at anyone who approaches it. = The cat spits at anyone approaching it.
2 For passive constructions, the relative pronoun + verb 
to be
can be removed to leave the past 
participle:
The man who w as injured in the tig e r attack w ent to hospital.
3 
With 
defining 
relative clauses, the relative pronoun can be removed if it is an object pronoun:
Some biologists begin to love the anim als 
they study.
Practice Exercises
Look at the fo llo w in g sentences and add rela tive pronouns and punctuation if needed.
1
The anim al liberation lea g u e ______ opinion was criticized by senior politicians failed
to get th e ir views acted upon.
2
W ildlife in M exico __________ has flourished fo r many years is now under attack by the
industrialization of natural habitats.
3
Flightless birds are b ird s ______ cannot fly.
4 Dian Fossey______ died in 1985 helped save the m ountain g o rilla from extinction.
5 
London______ a third of the city is actually open space is home to a wide variety of wildlife.
6
An a n im a l______ sleeps during the day is called 'n o c tu rn a l’ .
7 The w ildlife photos_______ my sister took in Borneo were the best photos I had ever seen.
8
E vo lu tio n ______ is the generally accepted theory of how life on earth developed is s till
disputed by some.
W hich one of the above sentences could have the re la tive pronoun o m itte d ? ____________