Grammar for ielts fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson ■L& 11

Indirect questions:
Indirect questions are form ed using the word o rder of a positive sentence.
DIRECT: 
What did the nuclear fam ily overtake in popularity?
INDIRECT: 
Do you know what the nuclear fam ily overtook in popularity?
DIRECT; 
Are the roles of husband and wife less traditional than in the past?
INDIRECT: 
Can you te ll me if the rotes of husband and wife are less traditional than in the past?
The Basic Rules of Punctuation:
Capital le tter (A) 
Used: at the start of a sentence; fo r names; fo r abbreviations.
Comma 
(,) Used: fo r lists of items; to join two clauses toge th e r w ith a co-ordinating conjunction; 
to show extra inform ation in a sentence; to separate direct speech from reporting expressions.
Full Stop 
(.) Used: at the end of a sentence and for some abbreviations, e.g. 
etc.-, 
for questions, replace 
a fu ll stop with a question mark; for exclamations, replace a fu ll stop with an exclamation mark.
Quotation m arks 
(" ” ) Used: when using the direct w ords of another person.
Apostrophe 
(’) Used: in contractions and to show possessive. Note: 
Its 
(=belonging to it) and 
it's 
(=it is). 
Colon 
(:) Used: to sta rt a gram m a tica lly complex list and before long explanations.
Semi-Colon 
(;) Used: to separate a gram m a tica lly complex list; to separate two sentences which 
have a clear lin k to each other.
Practice exercises
Put the words in the correct order to complete the sentences 1-7.
1
/ The male / the main income e arner / was / in the last century /
2 /
are 
/
extended fam ilies 
/
Do you know