Graduation qualification paper

5.1 Strategies to solve problems of equivalence

As has been mentioned above, problems of equivalence occur at various levels, ranging from word to textual level. The equivalence problems emerge due to semantic, socio-cultural, and grammatical differences between the source language and the target language. These three areas of equivalence problems are intertwined with one another. The meaning(s) that a word refers to are culturally bound, and in most cases the meaning of a word can only be understood through its context of use. 
Due to semantic, socio-cultural, grammatical differences between the source language and the target language, loss and addition of information in translation cannot be avoided. Basnett-McGuire states that once the principle is accepted that sameness cannot exist between the two languages, it is possible to approach the question of loss and gain in the translation process . Bell (1991: 6) suggests a similar point that 'something' is always lost or, one might suggest, gained in the process, and according to Nida , "all types of translation involve 1) loss of information, 2) addition of information, and /or 3) skewing of information" . To conform to the stylistic demands and grammatical conventions of the target language, structural adjustment in translation is inevitably needed.

6-§ Translation Analysis of Cultural Words There are words that can be considered as cultural ones. Before translating them a translator should consult a dictionary and then she/he can decide whether to use any translation transformations depending on the degree of “culturalness”. In the book “The Lost and The Founds” by Said Ahmad one can find a lot of cultural words. It is worth analysing some of them. For example, To belbog’igacha tushgan oppoq soqolini shamol goh o’ng elkasidan, goh chap elkasidan oshirib o’ynaydi. (207 bet) and the word “belbog’” is cultural word in this sentence. You can find this word in dictionary. And it has four words. They are sash, girdle, belt and waistband. Now we will refer to the meaning of these words. For this we refer to English-English dictionary: sash- a long piece of ribbon, silk, etc, worn around the waist like a belt or over one shoulder, as a symbol of rank. (from Arabic shash muslim) girdle- anything that surrounds of encircles, a belt or sash. (Old English gyrdel) belt- a band of cloth, leather , etc, worn usually around the waist, to support clothing, carry tools, or weapons, or ammunition, or as decoration . (Old English, from Latin balteus) waistband- an encircling band of material to finish and strengthen a skirt or trousers at the waist The same word can be consulted on the basis of Uzbek-English dictionary by Sh.Butaev and A.Iriskulov. It gives the following translation: sash, girdle, belt and waistband (Sh.Butaev and A.Irisqulov 534 p). “The wind played his long white beard till his sash from the right shoulders to the left” we translated “belbog’” as “sash” because it fit for this sentence meaning.