From Mastering Problems to GMAT Mastery
Chapter 7
ries are not perfect boxes. Just like a large ottoman in your living room can be both a
place to put a tray of hors d’oeuvres, like a coffee table, and a form of padded seating,
like a sofa, a GM AT problem can have features of multiple categories. Most Sentence
Correction problems, for example, are ottomans, because multiple grammar rules are
typically tested within a single sentence. Creating enough categories to accommodate
every type of problem, such as a Sentence Correction parallelism and subject-verb, is
not useful because there would simply be too many categories. The more categories you
have to remember, the harder they are to remember. Finding the right level
of granularity is a delicate balancing act: you
want enough specialization
so that the category really does help you quickly choose the correct
approach and not so much that you are overwhelmed by the sheer
number of categories to remember.
While at first it may be a challenge to figure out where to start with an
ottoman problem because its different aspects call for different solution
techniques, completing practice ottoman problems is helpful because
they train you to become a more adaptive problem solver. To get the
most learning from each ottoman problem, make sure to list out all the
categories that the problem can fit into when working to understand the
problem. Include the characteristics of the answer choices as well. For
example, consider the following problem:
B
TIP
Choose descriptive names for catego
ries, such as "answer choices increase
by x10" or "CR Find the Assumption,"
because categories with meaningful
names are easier to remember. Also use
flash cards to drill yourself on both the
categories and the solving techniques
that you should associate with each
type of problem in order to speed up
your association of categories with their
various possible solution techniques.
C
If
D E is parallel to
AC, and point
D is halfway between points
A and
B, what is
the ratio of the area of triangle
DBE to the area of triangle
ABC?
(A) 2 : 3
(B) 1 : 2
(C) 1 : 3
(D) 1 : 4
(E) 1 : 5
MANHATTAN 149
GMAT
Chapter 7
Since this is a geometry problem, looking at the diagram is a very
important part of
understanding the problem. This is clearly a triangle problem, and you might decide to
solve it using triangle rules. You would write down what you know so far:
•
D E and
AC are parallel.
•
D is halfway between
A and
B, so
DB is half the length of
AB.
• The formula for the area of a triangle is (1/2) x base x height.
• So the ratio of the area of the smaller triangle to the area of the larger triangle
,
0.5
X
base,
X
height,
base,
X
height,
m u s t b e ---------------- 1--------- - — L = --------5---------
-- —
- .
0.5
X
base2
X
height2
base2
X
height2
When you start to try to plan your solution to this problem, you realize that you don’t
know the lengths of the two bases or heights. You would have to introduce variables.
But how many variables? If you introduce four variables (one for each base and one for
each height), you will make the problem very complicated and might not be able to
solve it.
You continue to think, looking back at the problem and every
thing that you’ve written down about it....
Wait! IfD E and AC are
parallel, and D bisects AB, then E must bisect B C .... This means that
the ratio ofBD to BA is the same as the ratio of BE to BC. This makes
ADE and A BC similar triangles! There must be a reason for the similar
triangles aspect o f the problem. ..what is it?
At this point, you may have an “aha!” moment and realize that,
since you are dealing with similar triangles, the bases and the
heights must also be in the same 2 : 1 ratio.
If so, you would solve and the math would look like this:
0.5
X
base,
X
height,
base,
X
height1
0.5
X
base2
X
height2
base2
X
height2
base, X h e ig h t .
= — ;--------- ------- ------------ b e c a u s e b a se , = 2 x b a s e ,
2 ( base,)
X
2 ( height,)
= —-—
cancel the bases and heights
2x2
_
1
~ 4
You would then have used your knowledge of both the triangle category of problems
and the ratio category of problems to successfully solve this problem.
If you didn’t have an “aha!” moment, you could have gotten stuck at this point. The so
lution to this dilemma lies in noticing that the question asks about ratios and that the
From Mastering Problems to GMAT Mastery
TIP
Your choice of what to do first
will depend on what most strikes
you about the problem. While
there is only one correct solution
to this problem, the beauty of
math is that there are
typically
many ways to get there, and
nowhere is this so clear as in
working on an ottoman problem.
150 MANHATTAN
GM AT