The Big Picture of GMAT Verbal
Step 2: Read and deconstruct the argument.
Once you’ve identified the question type, and the family it belongs to, you re ready to
look at the argument with a clear idea of the important information you need to de
tect. This allows you to avoid the trap of passive reading. Since you know, based on the
question type, what sort of information is likely to be most important, you can actively
search for that information. What you are doing here is deconstructing the argument;
identifying the purpose of every part of the argument, and extracting the key parts
from the rest. This can be done fairly mechanically. With a bit of practice, you can
begin to consistently identify the authors conclusion and the premises that support it,
counterpoints that the author is arguing against, and background information, all by
recognizing the words and phrases the GMAT uses in these parts.
While deconstructing the argument can be mechanical, it is also an opportunity to use
pattern recognition. The GMAT test writers tend to reuse the same handful of argu
ments over and over. While not every passage falls neatly into a category, a number
of them do, and recognizing these common arguments can provide a tremendous
shortcut. For example, a number of arguments present two topics in the premise, and
repeat one of them in the conclusion, while adding a new topic. For instance, a simple
argument might state that “All dogs make great pets. Thus, Fido must be a great pet. ” In
this case, both the premise and the conclusion discuss great pets. But the premise refers
to all dogs, and the conclusion refers to Fido. In order for the conclusion to be drawn,
you must assume that Fido is actually a dog. Spotting this pattern in an argument (A
related to B, therefore B related to C— assumes A is related to C), even when the argu
ment is much longer and more complex, allows you to easily recognize the underlying
assumption.
There are several argument patterns that you can learn to spot. The one discussed
above, in which there is a well-defined gap between the premise and the conclusion,
is quite common. Other patterns include arguments about causality, arguments that
put forth a plan to solve a problem, arguments based on an analogy, conditional (if/
then) arguments, statistical arguments, and arguments comparing percentages or other
numerical data. In each of these cases, there are specific assumptions underlying the
arguments, or precise inferences that can be drawn from the evidence.
These patterns are useful because they allow you to quickly recognize what kind of
answer will be correct, given a specific question type. For example, once you spot that
the argument about Fido above has a logic gap, you know what the assumption is. If
this argument were associated with a weaken question, you would know that the right
answer would provide information demonstrating that Fido is not, in fact, a dog. If it
were a strengthen question instead, you would know that the answer would demon
strate that Fido is a dog. And if it were an evaluate question, the correct answer would
present a method to determine whether Fido is a dog. Spotting the underlying argu-
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