Global Environmental Problems



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Global Environmental Problems

Global Environmental Problems

International Environmental Politics

  • Environmental policy is about what government does and does not do to address environmental problems
  • Environmental politics is the clash of values & interests that occurs in the course of formulating and implementing policy
  • What does this suggest about international environmental politics and policy?

“Third Generation” Issues

  • Global in Scale
  • Long-term in Scope
  • Significant Scientific Uncertainty
  • Large Economic Stakes
  • Complex Institutional Management

Global Environmental Problems

  • Climate Change
  • Ozone Depletion
  • Biodiversity Loss
  • Ocean Exhaustion

WHY NOT IMPOSE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS?

Ozone, CFCs, and Montreal

  • Why was it possible to construct an international
  • regime to respond to Ozone Depletion
    • Immediate scope and tangibility of the problem
    • Small set of CFC producers
    • Relatively Low Cost to Industry
      • No net economic impact on states
    • Developed-Developing states rift healed by funding

Global Climate Fluctuations

Kyoto Treaty

  • Treaty Text
  • GHG Emissions Reductions
    • 1990 target year
    • Industrial Countries = 5% reduction from 1990
  • emissions levels by 2012
      • US = 7%
      • European Union = 8%
      • Japan = 6%
      • Emissions trading allowed
    • Industrializing Countries = voluntary reductions

US GHG “Problem”

  • 90% of US GHG emissions = fossil fuel combustion
  • US reduction strategy must involve
    • Energy efficiency/conservation
    • Removing subsides from fossil fuel extraction/production
      • (~ $100 billion/year)
    • Develop alternative energy sources

Policy Problem

Bush CO2 Plan

  • CO2 MT per $ million
  • Year

Bush CO2 Plan

  • CO2 MT per $ million
  • Year

Bush CO2 Plan

  • Year
  • CO2 MT Emissions

Biodiversity Loss

  • Continental-Scale Ecosystem Destruction
    • Human Population Growth
    • Economic Development
      • Mining, forestry, agriculture
      • Ebola virus killing off African primates
  • Climate Change

Biodiversity Loss

  • Consumptive Use
  • Bio-Homogenization
    • Economic Globalization
    • Alien Invasions
      • Fungus decimating amphibian populations
      • West Nile Virus decimating bird populations
        • Plus dozens of other species
      • Sudden Oak Death Syndrome
      • Wooly Adelgid

Ocean Exhaustion

  • Consumption
    • Collapsing Fish Populations
    • “collateral damage
      • Leatherback turtles
  • Pollution
    • Eutrophication
    • Toxins, Viruses, Bacteria
      • Sea otter decline
  • Habitat destruction
    • Bottom trawling
    • Coastal wetlands

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