Global Energy Review 2021

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Review 2021
Assessing the effects of economic recoveries on 
global energy demand and CO
2
emissions in 2021
Global Energy

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The IEA examines the 
full spectrum 
of energy issues 
including oil, gas and 
coal supply and 
demand, renewable 
energy technologies, 
electricity markets, 
energy efficiency, 
access to energy, 
demand side 
management and 
much more. Through 
its work, the IEA 
advocates policies that 
will enhance the 
reliability, affordability 
and sustainability of 
energy in its
30 member countries, 
8 association countries 
and beyond.
Please note that this 
publication is subject to 
specific restrictions that limit 
its use and distribution. The 
terms and conditions are 
available online at 
www.iea.org/t&c/
This publication and any 
map included herein are 
without prejudice to the 
status of or sovereignty over 
any territory, to the 
delimitation of international 
frontiers and boundaries and 
to the name of any territory, 
city or area.
Source: IEA. All rights 
reserved.
International Energy Agency 
Website: www.iea.org
IEA member 
countries:
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic 
Denmark
Estonia
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Greece 
Hungary
Ireland 
Italy
Japan
Korea 
Luxembourg 
Mexico 
Netherlands 
New Zealand 
Norway
Poland 
Portugal 
Slovak Republic 
Spain 
Sweden 
Switzerland 
Turkey 
United Kingdom 
United States
The European 
Commission also 
participates in the 
work of the IEA
IEA association 
countries:
Brazil
China
India
Indonesia
Morocco
Singapore
South Africa
Thailand
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY
AGENCY

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Global Energy Review 2021 
Abstract 
Assessing the effects of economic recoveries
on global energy demand and CO2 emissions in 2021 
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Abstract
As the world enters a second year of the Covid-19 pandemic, the annual 
Global 
Energy Review
assesses the direction energy demand and carbon dioxide 
emissions are taking in 2021. The latest statistical data and real-time analysis 
confirm our initial estimates for 2020 energy demand and CO2 emissions while 
providing insights into how economic activity and energy use are rebounding in 
countries around the world
–
and what this means for global emissions. 
The accelerating rollouts of Covid-19 vaccinations in many major economies and 
widespread fiscal responses to the economic crisis are boosting the outlook for 
economic growth and leading to a rebound in energy demand in 2021. The report 
explores whether the rebound in activity risks pushing CO2 emissions to a new 
high and to what degree new policies targeting a sustainable recovery are able to 
curb a rebound in emissions. 
The pace of global vaccine rollouts, the possible emergence of new variants of the 
Covid-19 virus, and the size and effectiveness of economic stimulus measures all 
represent major uncertainties for the outlook. This analysis therefore not only 
charts a possible path for energy use and CO2 emissions in 2021 but also 
highlights the many factors that could lead to differing outcomes.

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Global Energy Review 2021 
Key findings 
Assessing the effects of economic recoveries
on global energy demand and CO2 emissions in 2021 
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