Giorgi baRaTuria

Рецензент - профессор Шубитидзе Важа Автандилович, Грузинский технический университет
qeTi jijeiSvili
politikuri portretebi (saqarTvelos
prezidentebis gansxvavebuli xedva
saxelmwifos marTvis sakiTxebze)
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenasTan erTad saqarTveloSi SemoiRes prezidentis Tanamdeboba. mas Semdeg qarTuli politika prezidentis institutis garSemo trialebs. am Tanamdebobaze saqarTveloSi sami pirovneba iyo: zviad gamsaxurdia, eduard SevardnaZe da mixeil saakaSvili. samive maTgans qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi xedvis Taobaze gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi gaaCnda. saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis zviad gamsaxurdias SexedulebiT samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo unda Seqmniliyo, aramarto sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdilebis safuZvelze aramed unda aRorZinebuliyo erovnuli kanonmdebloba da erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistema unda damyareboda `qarTul samarTlebriv kulturasa da tradiciebs~, xolo erovnuli saxelmwifos avtoriteti qristianul zneobriv sawyisebs.
saxelmwifos damoukideblobis aRdgenasTan erTad marTlmadidebloba saxelmwifo religiad unda gamocxadebuliyo, ramdenadac saqarTvelos erovnul _ ganmanTavisuflebel moZraoba ar gulisxmobda mxolod erovnul _ politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebas aranakleb mniSvnelovania, rom igi iTvaliswinebda zneobriv aRorZinebas qristianul rwmenas, da cnobierebaze dayrdnobiT. aseTi saxelmwifo politikis mkeTebeli politikuri elita 1990-91ww. bunebrivia, rom `zedmeti erovnuli Seferilobis iyo~. isini xom erovnuli moZraobidan modiodnen. politologiur gamokvlevebSi avtorTa nawili gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis funqcionirebis periods eTnokratiis mmarTvelobas uwodebs. misi mTavari niSania, rom igi eTnikurad erTgvarovania mravalferovan saxelmwifoSi da pirvel adgilze erovnuli identobisadmi erTgulebas ayenebs da Semdeg demokratiuli faseulobebis problemaTa gadazrdas adamianis uflebebis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebis Sesabamisad. xelisuflebis ierarqiul sistemaSi winsvlis ganmsazRvrel princips warmoadgenda erovnuloba, patriotizmi da beladisadmi erTguleba, profesionalizmi da Semoqmedebis azrovnebis unari ugulebelyofili iyo. magram gamsaxurdias xelisufleba marto patriotuli grZnobebiTa da enTuziazmiT Tavs ver gaarTmevda qveynis marTvis urTules amocanebs. mmarTvel politikur elitas miaCnda, rom Zveli kadrebi wina wyobilebis gadmonaSTia da amitomac ganaxleba _ cirkulaciis procesma memkvidreobis principis sruli ugulebelyofiT revoluciuri meTodebiT iwarmoa.
patara qveyanisaTvis Secdoma politikaSi dauSvebeli `fufunebaa~, rac SeiZleba mas Zalian Zviri daujdes. ase iyo 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis drosac. `maSin saqarTvelom damoukidebloba imdroindeli politikuri elitis mier daSvebuli Secdomebis gamo dakarga~ _ aseTia dRes sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli azri. samwuxarod, ase moxda Cveni qveynis uaxles istoriaSic. verc gamsaxurdias ideologiis qvakuTxedi _ kavkasiuri solidarobis idea _ ver gaxda dasavleTis liberaluri Rirebulebebi, da prorusuli urTierTobebis sapiewone alternatiuli modeli, ramac ganapiroba kidevac misi marcxi. mama _ buSis mier `dinebis sawinaaRmdegod curvaSi~ dadanaSaulebuli saqarTvelos pirveli prezidenti 1992w. 6 dekembers gazeT `aRdgomaSi~ aqveynebs intervius. gTavazobT amonarids am interviudan: `saxelmwifo gadatrialeba saqarTveloSi imarTeboda okeanis gaRmidan... scenari gadatrialebisa, romelic aSS-m moawyo saqarTveloSi, adre araerTgzis gamouyenebia am qveyanas planetis sxva regionebSic. (gaz. `asaval_dasavali~ #34 (728) 2008 wlis 25-31 agvisto).
saqarTvelos meore prezidentma eduard SevardnaZem mTlianad Secvala sagareo da saSinao politikis vertikalebi da prioritetebi. Tuki z. gamsaxurdiam mmarTveli politikuri elitis mTlianad SecvliT qveyanaSi arastabiluri viTareba gamoiwvia, e. SevardnaZem ki sapirispirod, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda SeinarCuna Zveli memkvidreoba da faqtobrivad uaryo is, rac ganaxleba _ cirkulacias uzrunvelyofda. SevardnaZes xelisuflebaSi mosvlis dros qarTuli sazogadoebis garkveulma nawilma mxari dauWira swored imitomac, rom igi warsulis wesrigisa da stabilurobis simbolo da momavali keTildReobis imedi iyo. komunisturi nomenklatura masSi sakuTari legitimurobis nawilobrivi aRdgenis Sanss xedavdnen. da es faqtiurad asec moxda. SevardnaZisaTvis politikurad ufro saimedo aRmoCnda komunisturi wrTobis politikosebi, vidre nacionalistebi an prodasavluri opozicia.
SevardnaZem dasawyisSi radikalurad Secvala politkuri orientacia _ ruseTidan dasavleTis sasargeblod, Secvala politika, magram ar Secvala politikis mkeTeblebi. misi favoritebi darCnen isev is `aparatCikebi~, romlebic adre ruseTisaken agebdnen xidebs. am kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT politikur procesebs, garkveul wilad simarTles Seicavs gamsaxurdias mosazreba, roca man SevardnaZis dabrunebas kontrrevolucia uwoda. demokratiuli transformaciis Teoretikosebi xSirad saubroben `demokratiaze demokratebis gareSe~, rodesac Tavisufali sabazro reformebi reformatorebis gareSe tardeba. miuxedavad amisa, isini Tavs Zalian komfortulad grZnobdnen _ amJamindeli realoba Zalian waagavda nacnob situacias, roca biujeti sxvagan dgeboda. ubralod sityva `direqtivebi~ Seicvala sityviT `rekomendaciebi~, sxva SemTxvevaSi moqmedebdnen ekonomikuri marTvis ukve nacadi principebi struqturul doneze mainc.
erTi SexedviT, sagangaSo araferi ar unda yofiliyo, rom qveyanas marTavda gardaqmnili da ferSecvilili neonomenklaturuli politikuri elita, miT ufro, rom gardamaval periodSi, romelsac garkveuli azriT, gardamavali zona~ (Тичи Н., Деванина М., Лидеры реорганизации, М., 1990, ст. 68) SeiZleba ewodos, adamianze zemoqmedebs `ZvelSi yofnisa~ da `axlis Seqmnisaken~ warmmarTveli Zalebi. ase iyo agebuli nomenklaturis biurokratiuli ierarqiuli struqtura agebuli postsabWoTa sivrcis aziuri nawilisa da ruseTis reginSi, sadac xelisufleba, ZiriTadad `gardaqmnili~ komunistebis xelSia.
e. SevardnaZes Zveli saxelisuflebo gamocdileba da piradi kontaqtebi daexmara sagareo politikaSi dabalansebis starategiuli kursis gatarebaSi, magram igive Zveli komunisturi gamocdilebisa da marTvis stilis gamo ver SeZlo demokratiuli institutebis Camoyalibeba saqarTveloSi. SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis dros saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebul politikur sistemas bevri `defeqtur demokratias~ uwodebs _ demokratiis elementebisa da postkomunisturi klanurobis ucnaur nazavs. saqarTveloSi arsebuli viTarebis Tavisebureba is iyo, rom rogorc klanuri sistema, ise masTan dapirispirebuli Zalebi`resursebis mwvave naklebobas~ ganicdidnen.
SevardnaZis mier 12 wliani mmarTvelobis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli korumpirebul klanuri sistemis pirobebSi ver xerxdeboda saxelmwifos normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebeli elementaruli xarjebis dafinanseba. saxelmwifo qoneba groSebad Caigdes xelSi monopoliur _ klanurma dajgufebebma, romelTac ar SeeZlo funqcionireba xelisuflebis faruli mxardaWeris gareSe. am talRis wveroze moqceuli SevardnaZe deformirebuli struqturis erT-erTi Semomqmedi da misive mZevali gaxda.
ingliseli politologi, uorikis universitetis politikisa da saerTaSoriso gamokvlevebis kaTedris wevri l. alisoni, romelic ramodenimejer imyofeboda saqarTveloSi, Cven qveyanaSi demokratizaciis ganviTarebisaTvis Semdgom pirobebs asaxelebs:

1. 
   ekonomikuri faqtori, cxovrebis maRali done _ Semosavali erT sulze; pozitiuri zrda; sakuTrebis farTo ganawileba; stabiluri valuta
   
2. 
   kulturuli faqtori: a) religiuri protestantoba; b) samoqalaqo sazogadoeba; g) normatiuli faqtori _ tolerantizmSi darwmunebuloba, ndobis arseboba, pluralizmi.
   
3. 
   instituciuri: nacionaluri samarTlebrivi struqturebis arseboba, Sualeduri organizaciebis farTo speqtri, praqtikuli konkurenciis gamocdileba.
   
4. 
   TviTganxorcieleba: demokratiis garduvalobaSi darwmunebuloba.
   

90-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi mocemuli pirobebis analizis Sedegad ingliseli mecnieri metismetad pesimistur daskvnamde mivida. `saqarTvelo yvela ekonomikuri kriteriumis mixedviT warumateblobas ganicdis, mas sruliad ar gaaCnia swori instituciuri struqturebi. mas ara aqvs demokratiis istoria, xolo misi principuli religia (marTlmadidebloba) da religiuri umciresoba (islami) pozitiurad ar Seefereba arCevnebis konkretulobas~ (l.alisoni, `demokratiis Teoriebsa da demokratizaciis Teoriebs Soris gansxvavebis Sesaxeb~, demokratizacia: Teoria da praqtika, saerTaSoriso konferenciis masalebi, Tb., 23 marti. gv.25). amgvarad SevardnaZem dakarga dasavleTis mxardaWera. misi klanuri sistema miuRebeli gaxda dasavleTisaTvis da masac igive bedi ewia, rac Tavis droze saqarTvelos pirvel prezidents. dasavleTma uzrunvelyo misi Canacvleba axalgazrda prodasavleli saakaSviliT da amiT gaixangrZliva sakuTari gavlena kavkasiis sakvanZo saxelmwifoSi _ saqarTveloSi. Tavis memuarebSi `fiqrebis warsulsa da momavalze~ krwanisSi evakuirebuli SevardnaZe saubrobs `vardebis revoluciis~ realuri avtorisa da scenaristis vinaobaze.
`jorj buSis werili eduard SevardnaZisadmi, dekemberi 2003. mis aRmatebulebas saqarTvelos prezidents eduard SevardnaZes
batono prezidento, did madlobas mogaxsenebT Tavisuflebis damkvidrebaSi Tqvens mier gaweuli udidesi RvawlisaTvis. Tqveni xelmZRvanelobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda civi omis damTavreba, yofil sabWoTa sivrceSi Tavisuflebis damkvidreba, samoqalaqo omis wyvdiadidan saqarTvelos gamoyvana da qveyanaSi demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikis dafuZneba, amerikis Seertebul StatebTan mtkice megobrobis Camoyalibeba... Tqveni Rirseuli gadadgoma 23 noembers da mzadyofna, gauziaroT Tqveni sibrZne da gamocdileba saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobis axal Taobas, romlebic Tqveni aRzrdilebi arian, Tqvens kidev erT miRwevad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. Tqveni gadawyvetileba gadadgomis Taobaze Tbilisis quCebSi Zalis gamoyenebis nacvlad, Tqveni SesaniSnavi karieris Rirseuli dagvirgvinebaa. pativiscemiT jorj buSi. (e. SevardnaZe, fiqrebi warsulsa da momavalze, Tb., 2008, gv. 28)~.
Tavad m. saakaSvili da v iuSCenkoc uaryofs xaverdovan revoluciebSi gareSe Carevis gadamwyvet rols 2005w. ianvris xelmoweril `karpatebis deklaraciaSi~. mSvidobiani demokratiuli revolucia ar SeiZleba xelovnuri gziT raRac teqnologiebiT an garedan Carevis Sedegad gamoiwvio. _ naTqvamia deklaraciaSi. `piriqiT, ukrainaSic da saqarTveloSic revoluciebi politikuri teqnologiebis da garedan Carevis gareSe moxda~, Tumca sinamdvile sxvas RaRadebs. aSS-s finansuri da ideologiuri mxrdaWeris naxevrad aqtivisturi da naxevrad samarketingo moZraoba oTx qveyanaSi iyo gamoyenebuli. pirveli revolucia serbeTSi warmatebuli aRmoCnda, Semdeg iyo marcxi belorusiaSi, rasac mohyva warmatebuli xaverdovani revoluciebi saqarTvelosa da ukrainaSi, magram isic faqtia, rom revoluciuri gza, marTalia, es aris avtoritarizmidan gamosvlis gza, magram mas ar mivyevarT demokratiis damyarebamde. 1917wlis oqtombris revoluciiT dawyebuli, rodesac caristuli ruseTis arademokratiuli avtoritaruli reJimi Seicvala uaresi, manamde ar arsebuli siZlieris totalitaruli reJimiT, mTeli Semdgomi periodis politologiur analizs Tu movaxdenT, aucileblad daveTanxmebiT hanTingtons: `saarCevno dinamikas avtoritarizmidan demokratiamde mivyevarT. revoluciis dinamikas ki _ avtoritarizmis erTi formidan meoremde~ (S.P. Hantington, The third wave, Democratization in the late twentith Century, University of Oklahoma Press. Worman and London, 1991, p. 192) Tumca arCevnebis faqtoris absolutizaciac ar SeiZleba, vinaidan msoflio politikaSi bevria iseTi SemTxvevac, rodesac swored arCevnebis meSveobiT movida xelisuflebaSi arademokratiuli Zala.
saqarTveloSi, marTalia, SevardnaZe wavida didi politikidan, magram sistema igive darCa. Zvel sistemaSi liberalur faseulobebze orientirebuli ZalebiT Canacvlebis mcdelobam saxelmwifoebrivi krizisis warmoqmnas Seuwyo xeli. Tavi iCina arastandartulma umarTavma qaosurma movlenebma, romelTa mizezad politologTa nawili dasavleTis demokratiul Rirebulebebze swraf orientirebas asaxelebs. 1956w. sabWoTa lideris xruSCovis londonSi vizitisas mas CerCilma aseTi rCeva misca: `Tqven did reformebs iwyebT, es kargia, magram me girCevT, Zalian nu aCqardebiT, radgan ufskrulis ori naxtomiT gadalaxva SeuZlebelia, SeiZleba Sig CaiCexoT~. (Литературная газета, 1988, №8) m. saakaSvilma miznad daisaxa qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikaSi mkveTrad gamokveTili `evropuli veqtoris~ gatareba _ sagareo politikaSi SevardnaZisagan gansxvavebiT calsaxad erTveqtoriani politika evrotruqturebSi integraciisaken mimarTuli ruseTTan konfrontaciis gziT; saSinao politikaSi ki im faseulobebis ngreva, romelic warmoadgenda socializmis memkvidreobas da romelic `STamomavlobiT~ gadmogveca wina wyobidan, magram `qurduli~ mentalitetis winaaRmdeg brZolis paralelurad saakaSvilma ver moaxerxa misi sapirwone demokratiuli da samarTliani sasamarTlo sistemis formireba. liberaluri Rirebulebebis danergva mimdinareobda erTi xelis mosmiT da uaRresad araliberalur garemoSi _ xelisuflebis vertikalis gaZlierebis pirobebSi, romelic demokratiuli maCveneblis ukuproporciulia: vardebis revoluciis Semdeg saqarTveloSi mkeTrad gaZlierda aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, dairRva xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris balansi, mravali kiTxva arsebobs saarCevno sakiTxis demokratiulobasTan dakavSirebiTac.
`saxelmwifo~ _ es upirveles yovlisa farTo nacionaluri masebis Segnebuli xelmZrvanelobaa; amitom, aucilebelia ideologiuri da sentimentaluri `kontaqti~, amdagrvar masebTan da garkveuli zomiT maTdami simpaTia, maTia moTxovnilebebis da gaWirvebis gageba~ _ wers antonio gramSi Tavis `cixis rveulebSi~.
istoriulad mmarTveli reJimi yovelTvis maSin axerxebda krizisuli situaciebis daregulirebas, rodesac sakuTar qveSevrdomTa mimarT pativiscemas gamoricxavda.
plutarqe `rCeul biografiebSi~ werda: `triumfis gadaxdis Semdeg, keisarma jildoebi dauriga Tavis meomrebs, xolo xalxs lxini da sanaxaobebi gaumarTa~. imas, rac keisarma gaakeTa, panem et cricenses (puri da sanaxaoba) erqva da friad gavrcelebuli politikuri aqcia iyo Zvel romSi. gasaocari unari aRmoaCnda muqTad darigebul purs da ufasod nanax gladiatorTa brZolas: xalxis yuradReba myis CamoSordeboda mwvave socialur _ politikur problemebs, xolo esa Tu is politikosi _ rogoric ar unda yofiliyo _ populiaruli xdeboda. romaelTa es genialuri mogneba, sxvadasxvanairad, magram, araerTgzis ganmeorebulia da misi momwyobni yovelTvis mizans aRwevdnen.
brboze zemoqmedebis principi _ `puri da sanaxaoba~ ori aTasi weli ZalaSi iyo. saqarTveloSi man radikaluri cvllebebi ganicada da saqarTvelos pirveli da meore prezidentis mmarTvelobis dros arc puri iyo da arc sanaxaoba. saqarTvelos mesame prezidentma, marTalia, xalxze samoqmedo arsenalSi puri ar CarTo, magram, samagierod, uxvad SemogvTavaza sanaxaoba _ ybadaRebuli tele Souebi, korumpirebuli pirebis ukanono ayvanebi, da qonebis ukanono CamorTmevebi, rasac `kako _ yaCaRisa~ da `arena oZelaSvilis~faseulobebze gazrdil sazogadoebaSi araviTari protesti ar mohyolia saakaSvilis moRvaweobis sawyis etapze mainc. mgvianebiT socialuri problemebis ignorirebam da mxolod Sous keTebam saqarTveloSi politikuri viTareba daZaba. daZabuloba gansakuTrebiT gaizarda ruseT _ saqarTvelos omis Semdeg, rodesac saqarTvelom dakarga teritoriebis is nawilic, romelsac aqamde akontrolebda: didi da patara liaxvis xeoba, qsnis xeoba da kodoris xeoba. saakaSvilma, faqtiurad, gaimeora igive Secdomebi, romlebic misma winamorbedebma dauSves. politikuri leqsikonidan gaqra demokratiuli cnebebi: `dialogi~, `konsensusi~ da `kompromisi~. daiwyo qveynisaTvis Zalian saxifaTo politikuri TamaSi, romelic qarTvelma politikosebma 15 wlis win ukve iTamaSes, Sedegebi katastrofuli iyo qveynisaTvis.
amerikis qeTaqis Statis luisvilis universitetis mitC mekonelis centris specialistebma amerikel istorikosebs Soris gamokiTxva Caatares. gamokiTxva miznad isaxavda aSS-is prezidentebis mier sxvadasxva dros daSvebuli uxeSi Secdomebis gamorkvevas. gamokiTxvis Sedegebi aTi yvelaze tragikuli Secdomis reitingis saxiT gamoqveynda. es RonisZieba aSS-is pirveli prezidentis jorj vaSingtonis dabadebis dRes mieZRvna. centris specialistebis azriT, prezidentebis Secdomebis SeswavliT STamomavlebi albaT, ufro mets iswavlian, vidre mxolod maTi sasiqadulo samqmeebiT tkbobiT. gamokiTxvis Sedegad yvela drois yvelaze tragikul Secdomad istorikosebma prezident jeims biukenenis mier samoqalaqo omis Tavidan acilebis uunaroba aRiares. istorikosebis TqmiT, biukeneni arasakmarisad mtkiced aRudga win samoqalaqo omis dawyebis win samxreT Statebis kavSiridan gasvlis mcdelobas (`axali Taoba~ 22.02.2006).
Cvens sinamdvileSic Catarda analogiuri gamokiTxvebi. asociaciam `kanoni xalxisaTvis~ zaqaria qucnaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT eqspertTa gamokiTxvis gziT scada ganesazRvra, Tu ra Secdomebi iqna daSvebuli damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg. Tavdapirvelad SecdomaTa sia 26_punqtiani iyo. sabolood, es ricxvi 13-mde Seamcires. es is Secdomebia, romelzedac organizaciis mier SerCeuli eqspertTa azri ar gayofila da yvelam miiCnia ZiriTad Secdomebad.
umTavresi ubedureba, riTac iwyeba damoukideblobis periodSi daSvebuli Secdomebis nusxa eqspertTa azriT, iseve rogorc amerikel istorikosTa azriT, 1991-1992 wlebSi momxdari saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da 1992-93 wlebis samoqalaqo omia. qarTvel eqspertTa azriT, SexedulebebiT damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi gadatanilma am tragikulma furclebma Seqmnes movlenaTa jaWvi, romelTa uaryofiTi Sedegebis daZlevac qveyanas dRemde ver mouxerxebia.
(gaz. `rezonansi~, #15, 2006).
amerikel eqspertTa Sexedulebis msgavsad Cvenc migvaCnia, rom saqarTvelos prezidentTa gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis Seswavla saxelmwifos marTvis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT da maTi Secdomebis analizi, Tavidan agvacilebs warsuli Secdomebis ganmeorebis albaTobas da xels Seuwyobs warsul gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli optimaluri da iluziaTa tyveobisagan Tavisufali, pragmatuli saSinao da sagareo politikuri prioritetebis gansazRvras.