In another experiment, psychologists at Georgia Regents University also explored
circumstances in which people value animals over human lives. In the study, 573
individuals were asked who they would save in a series of hypothetical scenarios in
which a dog and a person were in the path of an out-of-control bus. The researchers
found that decisions to save the person or the dog were affected by three factors.
The first: who the person in danger was. The subjects were much more likely to
save the dog
over a foreign tourist than, say, their best friend or a sibling. The
second factor was the dog. Forty percent of participants said they would save their
personal pet at the expense of a foreign tourist. But only 14 percent claimed they
would sacrifice the tourist when the animal in the scenario was described
generically as “a dog.” Finally, as other studies have found, women care more about
animals than men do.
In the run-away-bus scenario, female subjects were nearly
twice as likely as males to say they would save a dog over a person.
Living With Moral Inconsistency
The bottom line is that, at least in some circumstances, we do value animals over
people. But the differences in public outrage over the deaths of Jeanetta Riley and
Arfee illustrate a more general point. It is that our attitudes
to other species are
fraught with inconsistency. We share the earth with roughly 40,000 other kinds of
vertebrate animals, but most of us only get bent out of shape over the treatment of
a handful of species. You know the ones: the big-eye baby seals, circus elephants,
chimpanzees, killer whales at Sea World, etc. And while we deeply love our pets,
there is little hue and cry over the 24 horses that die on race tracks in the United
States each week, let alone the horrific treatment of the nine billion broiler chickens
American consume annually.
Most people, it seems, live easily with what the environmental philosopher Chris
Diehm calls “the paradox of the cats in our houses and cows on our plates.” Go
figure
female wolf from the Minam pack outside La Grande, Ore., after it was fitted
with a tracking collar. (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife via AP)
A There are 48 days until the presidential election,
and it often feels as if we
Americans are at each other’s throats. Sometimes it seems as though all we can
agree on — or agree to click “like” on — are dog and cat videos, right?
Actually, that’s not so far from the truth. Americans
do broadly have positive
feelings about dogs and cats — and they also feel warmer and fuzzier about wild
animals, such as sharks and wolves, than they did four decades ago.
That’s when ecologist Stephen Kellert and colleagues carried out what became a
keystone survey of Americans’ attitudes toward animals. Researchers recently
conducted the survey again, and they found that while dogs and cats maintained their
rock-solid top spots in U.S. hearts, creatures that were long hated have risen in the
ranks. According
to the results,
published this month
in
the journal Biological
Conservation, Americans today feel “significantly more positive” about bats, sharks,
vultures, wolves and coyotes than they did in 1978.
Those differences could signal “growing concern for the welfare of animals — both
wild and domestic,”
the authors wrote, and that could help wildlife conservation
efforts. But they offer a counterintuitive note of caution: It could also lead to more
fighting over how to treat animals.
A brown bat flies with a beetle in its mouth. (Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat
Conservation
International via AP)
It may seem like a no-brainer that American concern for animals has grown. Ever
year,
we spend a few billion more dollars
on our pets. Consumer concern for farm
animals is
freeing chickens from cages
and pigs from crates. Cecil
the lion is a
household name.
SeaWorld has sworn off orca breeding
; Ringling Bros. has retired
elephants.
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