General laws of toponymy

2. The purpose of the article.
The purpose of the article- toponymy is the study of geographical names, such as cities, villages, rivers, lakes, and rivers, as well as their origins and history, which provides rich scientific material for both linguists and historians.
Geographical names, that is, toponyms, are part of the vocabulary of a language and are subject to the laws of language. Of course, the word must be studied in linguistics. Thus, toponymy is a branch of onomastics that studies famous common nouns and is one of the disciplines of linguistics. Geographical names, on the other hand, reflect the characteristics of a country or oika nature as the most important element of a map. From this point of view, toponymy can be included in the list of geographical sciences.
At the same time, place names are closely connected with the history of society. How to name places is determined primarily by the needs of the community at a particular stage. Practicing toponymy without knowing the history of place names does not give the expected result. That is why toponymy is one of the historical sciences [3].
So toponymy is a science between three major disciplines: linguistics, geography, and history. Therefore, many facts of toponymy can be correctly interpreted only when a rich linguistic, historical and geographical material is involved. Obviously, toponymic research, which aims to explain the origin and history of any geographical or group of names as accurately as possible, is not an easy task, but it takes a lot of time and effort.
Toponyms are part of the language dictionary. However, place names are very different from other lexical layers of the language. This difference is reflected in the longevity of toponyms, their multi-component, that is, the fact that according to the internal laws of each language, related names (appellations) can participate in the creation of toponyms. In the creation of toponyms, linguistic tools (models) specific to the language are used. But at the same time, each language has its own tools for creating toponyms, that is, certain suffixes (affixes) and words specialize in creating only or most toponyms. The study of toponymy is of great importance for the history and theory of language. Many place names are very old. By comparing the geographical name mentioned in the original written monuments with the later forms and the current pronunciation, we can find out the changes in the vocabulary of the language, in the original form of the word.
For example, the modern name Nurata is said by some to be composed of the Mongolian words nuru and the Uzbek word tav, both of which mean "mountain." recorded more than a thousand years ago [8].
The Bukhara historian Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ja'far Narshahi mentions the name Nur in his History of Bukhara (934-944). In other regions it is called Nuri Bukhara, Narshakhi writes. There was Nuri Bukhara, which means other than Bukhara Nuri. For example, there was a village called Nur on Miyonkol Island, between the two branches of Zarafshan - Karadarya and Akdarya. He was called Nuri Miyonkol to distinguish him from others. Thus, Nur gradually became Nurata: the word nur (Arabic) means "light", and the father in the geographical names means "the destiny of the saints"[8].
In the chronicles of Alexander the Great of Alexander the Great (Alexander the Great) in Morocco, in the Sogdian inscriptions Smarakans, Abu Rayhan Beruni, Mahmud Kashgari, Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, Mirkhand (15th century), the Spanish ambassador to the palace of Amir Temur Ryu Gondales de In the works of Clavijo (XV century) Semizkent, in the Mongol story about Genghis Khan, there are several variants, such as Semizgen, all of which show that the name Samarkand is very ancient and its origin (etymology) is still unresolved. Many such examples can be quoted for linguistics, history of language and dialectology of toponymy. The importance is huge and diverse [4].
We can't stop there. Therefore, we would like to draw the reader's attention to only one thing - the issue of the plural category in the toponymy of Uzbekistan. Because, The problem of plurality in toponymy is one of the most important and important issues in our linguistics [10].
The research of the German linguist W. Sperberg and the Russian toponymist V.A. Nikonov shows that the plural form is very common in Roman and Slavic toponyms. Indeed, the plural affix is often used in Russian toponyms. For example, the word "bridge" in Uzbek never becomes a toponym, for this the word "bridge" must be added some adjectives, such as Beshkoprik, Gishtkoprik,
Wooden Bridge, Bridgehead, etc. In Russian, when the word bridge is added to the word bridge, a toponym is formed in the form Mosto. It doesn't have to be very rich. The toponym Mosto means bridge in Uzbek. Karshi, like Mari, is understood by Russians as a plural form, and so on. It all comes down to the nature of the Russian language. In Russian, many words are used only in the plural (chaso, nojnitso1, etc.) [5].
In Turkic languages, including Uzbek toponyms, plural suffixes are not so common, and several plural affixes can be found in Uzbek toponyms. We will talk about each of them -s affix. Professor A. Gulyamov does not include this affix in the list of word-forming morphemes. It means additional non-plurality, respect, emphasis, concretization of abstract concepts, generality, repetition. This affix is also found in the names of people such as Oylarkhan, Qizlaroy, and only serves as a name-maker. It has no effect on the meaning of the word. But in toponymy we see a completely different picture: the affix -s is a topoformant that makes up many toponyms. Observations show that the affix -s forms only toponyms that are rich in people: Arabs, beys, rich, jewelers, lepers, sheikhs, and so on. According to the 1959 census, more than 80 out of 720 settlements in Khorezm region will end with the addition of s. Interestingly, these names include toponyms such as Dogs, Seagulls, Goats, Crows. At first glance, these toponyms seem to consist of animal names. In fact, it is not: there are the names of the seeds: kupak, shagal (chiyabori), goat, crow. The above-mentioned toponyms are named after this urugiar. Crows, for example, mean "the habitat of non-crows."-on affixes[8].
These Tajik affiles make up most toponyms in the context of 0 ‘uzbekistan’ and refer to a particular social group of people, such as: 1) a particular nation - Arabon (Arabs), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz), 0 ‘zbekon (Uzbeks); 2) to a certain tribe — MangUton (mangMts), Minggon (people who are not of a thousand tribes); 3) to a certain class - Mirzoyan (secretaries), Tarkhanon (exempt from taxes); 4) to the profession - Boirabofon (weavers), Kosagaron (masters of bowls), Sozangaron (masters of needles); 5) refers to religious beliefs: Mughoti, Mughiyon (firefighters), Hinduyan (Hindus) and so on.
According to toponymist A.L. Khromov (Dushanbe), the affix -on (on) is rarely used in Matcha (Mastchoh) dialects, as well as in all Tajik dialects. Toponyms with the same affix are much older. Currently, the plural suffix -o (ho) is used for -on. In the case of Uzbekistan, the plural affix -ho (o) is very rare in toponyms, and even if it is so attached to the main component of the toponym, it is often difficult to detect -ot (t) affix.This toponym forming affix does not appear with two uo7s: one is Arabic and the other is Sogdian. In addition, -t comes in the Old Turkic and Mongolian languages in the plural.
Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur wrote my toponym in two forms: Badakhshan-Badakhshanot, Lamgan-Lamgonat, Khorasan—Khurosonot, Hinduston —Hindustonot. It is also known that the provinces of Gilon and Garmser in Iran were written in the forms Gilonot and Garmserot [4].
Academician V.V. Bartold, speaking about the history of Badakhshan, said that the mountainous region is also found in historical sources in the form of the Arabic plural Badakhshan.The truth is the same. In the above examples, the Arabic affix -ot is reminiscent of the Russian suffix -kina (Kievkina, Smolenkina) and refers to the surrounding area.
For example, when Babur wrote India in the form of India, he used the word "tomam" (whole) before, and therefore, when he wrote "tomam Hindustanot", he understood the whole of India and its environs.
The name of the city of Herat in Afghanistan can also be included in this sentence. The name of this city was originally in the form of Hiri. Hiri expanded during the period of the capital and in the time of Navoi stretched for 15-16 km along the river. We believe that the city around Hiri began to be called Herat (Hiri Hot) and gradually this name became legal. Miyonkol Island, between the branches of the Zarafshan River, known as the Karadarya and Akdarya, is also known as Miyonkolot. Toponyms like Bagat and Rabotot really mean plural. Bagot - "gardens", Rabot - "rabots". It is known that the Pamirs are also written in the form of the Pamirs, because the Pamirs were very numerous (nine in the works of English authors Pamir is recorded). It should also be noted that some Turkologists are Arabic. It is believed that the plural affix -ot does not occur in Turkish words, including Uzbek. However, it is known that the suffix -ot was used in the plural form in the XIII-XV centuries, when the Uzbek word for village, army was added to the end and used as a village, army. He also created toponyms with the suffix -ot. We mentioned that the affix -t (-ot) is also a plural affix in Sogdian. Scholars (M.S.Andreev, A.A.Freyman, V.A.Livshits, M.N.Bogolyubov, A.L.Xromov) studied the grammatical features of the Yagnob language, which is the current continuation of the Sogdian language, and found that in both languages the -t plural is a back suffix. proved that For example, in the Yagnob language the plural of the word aka is akot (akaot), the plural of the word jora (partner) is the plural of the word jorat, the plural of the word gar (mountain) is g ' arot and so on.
A.L. Khromov the -t plural suffix dc in toponyms such as Sitkt, Guddant, Regdont, Gajjo Tobot in Yagnob. even the letter -t in words like Zoyti and Khramti is plural; - The letter / starts with a consonant; Probably a factor as to why they're doing so poorly [8].
If so, the morphological features of toponyms such as Almaty, Chilti, and Shiberti, which are found in the Boburnoma and other historical monuments, will be somewhat understandable, and the -t plural affix will be added.
It seems that toponymy helps our linguists to solve many problems of historical linguistics [11].