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James Diefendorff, Aaron Schmidt, and Rosalie Hall, “Self-
Regulation at Work,” in Susan Fiske, Daniel Schacter, and Robert
Sternberg (eds.), Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 61 (Palo Alto,
CA: Annual Reviews, 2010), pp. 543–568.
3
See Nigel Nicholson, “How to Motivate Your Problem People,”
Harvard Business Review, January 2003, pp. 57–67. See also
James M. Diefendorff and Megan M. Chandler, “Motivating
Employees,” in Sheldon Zedeck (ed.), Handbook of Industrial and
Organizational Psychology, Vol. 3: Maintaining, Expanding, and
Contracting the Organization (Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association, 2010), pp. 635–655.
4
See Jeffrey Pfeffer, The Human Equation (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard Business School Press, 1998). See also Nitin Nohria,
Boris Groysberg, and Linda-Eling Lee, “Employee Motivation—a
Powerful New Model,” Harvard Business Review, July–August
2008, pp. 78–89; and Adrienne Fox, “Raising Engagement,” HR
Magazine, May 2010, pp. 35–40.
5
For a recent discussion of these questions, see Teresa Amabile
and Steven Kramer, “What Really Motivates Workers,”
Harvard
Business Review, January–February 2010, pp. 44–45.
6
Abraham H. Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,”
Psychological Review, 1943, Vol. 50, pp. 370–396; and Abraham
H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality (New York: Harper &
Row, 1954). Maslow’s most recent work is Abraham H. Maslow
and Richard Lowry, Toward a Psychology of Being (New York:
Wiley, 1999).
7
For a review, see Craig Pinder, Work Motivation in Organiza-
tional Behavior, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,
2008).
8
Frederick Herzberg, Bernard Mausner, and Barbara Snyderman,
The Motivation to Work (New York: Wiley, 1959); and
Frederick Herzberg, “One More Time: How Do You Motivate
Employees?” Harvard Business Review, January–February 1987,
pp. 109–120 (reprinted in Harvard Business Review, January
2003, pp. 87–98).
9
Robert J. House and Lawrence A. Wigdor, “Herzberg’s Dual-
Factor Theory of Job Satisfaction and Motivation: A Review of
the Evidenceanda Criticism,” Personnel Psychology, Winter 1967,
Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 369–389; and Victor H. Vroom, Work and
Motivation (New York: Wiley, 1964). See also Pinder, Work
Motivation in Organizational Behavior.
10
David C. McClelland, The Achieving Society (Princeton, NJ: Van
Nostrand, 1961); and David C. McClelland,
Power: The Inner
Experience (New York: Irvington, 1975).
11
“Best Friends Good for Business,” USA Today, December 1, 2004,
pp. 1B, 2B.
12
David McClelland and David H. Burnham, “Power Is the Great
Motivator,”
Harvard Business Review, March–April 1976,
pp. 100–110 (reprinted in Harvard Business Review, January
2003, pp. 117–127).
13
“HP Chief Executive Hurd Resigns after Sexual Harrassment
Probe,”
Bloomberg Businessweek, August 7, 2010.
14
Victor H. Vroom, Work and Motivation (New York: Wiley,
1964).
15
“Starbucks’ Secret Weapon,” Fortune, September 29, 1997, p. 268.
16
Lyman W. Porter and Edward E. Lawler III, Managerial Attitudes
and Performance (Homewood, IL: Dorsey, 1968).
17
J. Stacy Adams, “Towards an Understanding of Inequity,”
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, November 1963,
Vol. 67, No. 5, pp. 422–436.
18
“The Best vs. the Rest,” Wall Street Journal, January 30, 2006,
pp. B1, B3.
19
Mark C. Bolino and William H. Turnley, “Old Faces, New Places:
Equity Theory in Cross-Cultural Contexts,”
Journal of Organiza-
tional Behavior, 2008, Vol. 29, pp. 29–50.
20
See Edwin A. Locke, “Toward a Theory of Task Performance and
Incentives,”
Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,
1968, Vol. 3, pp. 157–189.
21
Gary P. Latham and J. J. Baldes, “The Practical Significance of
Locke’s Theory of Goal Setting,”
Journal of Applied Psychology,
1975, Vol. 60, pp. 187–191.
22
For a recent extension of goal-setting theory, see Yitzhak Fried
and Linda Haynes Slowik, “Enriching Goal-Setting Theory with
Time: An Integrated Approach,” Academy of Management
Review, 2004, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 404–422.
23
B. F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom and Dignity (New York: Knopf,
1971). See also Raymond A. Noe, Michael J. Tews, and Alison
McConnell Dachner, “Learner Engagement: A New Perspective
for Enhancing Our Understanding of Learner Motivation and
Workplace Learning,” in James P. Walsh and Arthur P. Brief
(eds.), The Academy of Management Annals 2010 (Philadelphia:
Taylor and Francis, 2010), pp. 279–316.
24
Fred Luthans and Robert Kreitner, Organizational Behavior
Modification and Beyond: An Operant and Social Learning
Approach (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1985).
25
Luthans and Kreitner, Organizational Behavior Modification and
Beyond; and W. Clay Hamner and Ellen P. Hamner, “Behavior
Modification on the Bottom Line,” Organizational Dynamics,
Spring 1976, pp. 2–21.
26
“At Emery Air Freight: Positive Reinforcement Boosts Perfor-
mance,”
Organizational Dynamics, Winter 1973, pp. 41–50; and,
for a recent update, see Alexander D. Stajkovic and Fred Luthans,
“A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Organizational Behavior
Modification on Task Performance, 1975–95,” Academy of
Management Journal, 1997, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 1122–1149.
27
David J. Glew, Anne M. O’Leary-Kelly, Ricky W. Griffin, and
David D. Van Fleet, “Participation in Organizations: A Preview
of the Issues and Proposed Framework for Future Analysis,”
Journal of Management, 1995, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 395–421.
28
Baxter W. Graham, “The Business Argument for Flexibility,” HR
Magazine, May 1996, pp. 104–110.
29
A. R. Cohen and H. Gadon, Alternative Work Schedules:
Integrating Individual and Organizational Needs (Reading, MA:
Addison Wesley, 1978). See also Ellen Ernst Kossek and Jesse S.
Michel, “Flexible Work Schedules,” in Sheldon Zedeck (ed.),
Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 1:
Building and Developing the Organization (Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association, 2010), pp. 535–572.
30
“How Telecommuting Lets Workers Mobilize for Sustainability,”
GreenBiz.com, February 17, 2011; and “Study: Telecommuting
Can Save American Households $1 7 Billion per Year,”
SmartPlanet.com, March 16, 2011.
31
Daniel Wren, The Evolution of Management Theory, 4th ed.
(New York: Wiley, 1994).
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