|
3.
How can Porter’s generic strategies approach help
to explain Google’s U.S. strategy?
4.
Identify situations in which Google might use tac-
tical, operational, and contingency planning.
ENDNOTES
1
Google, “Corporate Information,” April 11, 2013, at http://www
.google.com, accessed on September 1, 2013; “The Secret to
Google’s Success,” BusinessWeek, March 6, 2008, http://www
.businessweek.com, accessed on September 1, 2013; “In Search of
the Real Google,” Time, February 20, 2007, http://time.com/,
accessed on September 1, 2013; www.google.com, accessed on
September 1, 2013.
2
See Peter J. Brews and Michelle R. Hunt, “Learning to Plan and
Planning to Learn: Resolving the Planning School/Learning
School Debate,” Strategic Management Journal, 1999, Vol. 20,
pp. 889–913.
3
Max D. Richards, Setting Strategic Goals and Objectives, 2nd ed.
(St. Paul, MN: West, 1986).
4
Jim Collins, “Turning Goals into Results: The Power of Catalytic
Mechanisms,” Harvard Business Review, July–August 1999,
pp. 71–81.
5
“Set a Goal First, Says CEO of Zynga,” USA Today, April 23,
2012, pp. 1B, 2B.
6
“IBM Execs Tout Success of Roadmap, Reiterate 2015 Targets,”
Wall Street Journal, March 8, 2011.
7
Hoover’s Handbook of American Business 2013 (Austin, TX:
Mergent, 2013), pp. 232–233; and “GE, No. 2 in Appliances, Is
Agitating to Grab Share from Whirlpool,” Wall Street Journal,
July 2, 1997, pp. A1, A6. See also “A Talk with Jeff Immelt,”
BusinessWeek, January 28, 2002, pp. 102–104.
8
Kenneth R. Thompson, Wayne A. Hochwarter, and Nicholas J.
Mathys, “Stretch Targets: What Makes Them Effective?”
Academy of Management Executive, August 1997, pp. 48–58.
9
“A Methodical Man,” Forbes, August 11, 1997, pp. 70–72.
10
John A. Pearce II and Fred David, “Corporate Mission
Statements: The Bottom Line,” Academy of Management
Executive, May 1987, p. 109.
11
For early discussions of strategic management, see Kenneth
Andrews, The Concept of Corporate Strategy, rev. ed. (Home-
wood, IL: Dow Jones–Irwin, 1980); and Igor Ansoff, Corporate
Strategy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965). For more recent
perspectives, see Michael E. Porter, “What Is Strategy?” Harvard
Business Review, November–December 1996, pp. 61–78;
Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, “Strategy as Strategic Decision Making,”
Sloan Management Review, Spring 1999, pp. 65–74; and Sarah
Kaplan and Eric Beinhocker, “The Real Value of Strategic
Planning,” Sloan Management Review, Winter 2003, pp. 71–80.
12
Hoover’s Handbook of American Business 2013, pp. 28–29.
13
T. R. Holcomb, R. M. Holmes Jr., and B. L. Connelly, “Making
the Most of What You Have: Managerial Ability as a Source of
Resource Value Creation,” Strategic Management Journal, 2009,
Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 457–486.
14
Jay Barney, “Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive
Advantage,” Journal of Management, June 1991, pp. 99–120.
See also T. Russell Crook, David J. Ketchen Jr., James G. Combs,
and Samuel Y. Todd, “Strategic Resources and Performance: A
Meta-Analysis,” Strategic Management Journal, 2008, Vol. 29,
pp. 1141–1154.
15
Michael Porter, Competitive Strategy (New York: Free Press,
1980). See also Colin Campbell-Hunt, “What Have We Learned
about Generic Competitive Strategy? A Meta-Analysis,” Strategic
Management Journal, 2000, Vol. 21, pp. 127–154. See also
Michael E. Porter, “The Five Competitive Forces That Shape
Strategy,” Harvard Business Review, January 2008, pp. 79–90, for
a recent update.
16
Ian C. MacMillan and Rita Gunther McGrath, “Discovering New
Points of Differentiation,” Harvard Business Review, July–August
1997, pp. 133–136.
17
“In a Water Fight, Coke and Pepsi Try Opposite Tacks,” Wall
Street Journal, April 18, 2002, pp. A1, A8.
18
“Abercrombie Fights Discount Tide,” Wall Street Journal,
December 8, 2008, p. B1.
19
“When Service Means Survival,” BusinessWeek, March 2, 2009,
pp. 26–40.
20
“Recession Puts Hershey in Sweet Spot,” Wall Street Journal,
January 28, 2009, p. B1.
21
“P&G, Colgate Hit by Consumer Thrift,” Wall Street Journal,
May 1, 2009, pp. B1, B8.
22
“It Ain’t the Bellagio …” BusinessWeek, June 20–26, 2011,
pp. 84–85.
23
Alfred Chandler, Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the
American Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1962);
Richard Rumelt, Strategy, Structure, and Economic Performance
(Cambridge, MA: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business
Administration, Harvard University, 1974); and Oliver Williamson,
Markets and Hierarchies (New York: Free Press, 1975).
24
“Mars’s Takeover of Wrigley Creates a Global Powerhouse,” Wall
Street Journal, April 29, 2009, p. 1A.
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