virtual teams
—teams composed of people from remote work sites who work
together online—are also becoming more and more common.
9
Organizations create teams for a variety of reasons. For one thing, they give more
responsibility for task performance to the workers who are actually performing the
tasks. They also empower workers by giving them greater authority and decision-
making freedom. In addition, they allow the organization to capitalize on the knowledge
and motivation of their workers. Finally, they enable the organization to shed its bureau-
cracy and promote flexibility and responsiveness. Ford used teams to design its newest
of crowdsourcing. Although the practice of asking a
crowd for help is as old as the wanted posters on
post office walls, the web has expanded this concept
greatly because it can connect people anywhere in the
world who want to be involved. Many newer business
models are built on their ability to provide platforms
for participation. Many people use crowdsourced
Wikipedia as their only encyclopedia and the customer
recommendations provided by Amazon, TripAdvisor,
OpenTable, and Yelp as their guide for what to read
and where to go, eat, or shop.
In the simplest form of crowdsourcing, a group is
assembled, usually online, to solve a problem or engi-
neer a solution. One classic illustration is described by
Tapscott and Williams in their book Wikinomics.
They write of a struggling Canadian gold mining firm,
Goldcorp, that decided to release all its proprietary geo-
logical data about its property to the public and offered a
$575 000 prize for anyone who could develop a better
way to locate gold on that property. The winning team
from Australia gave them an answer that enabled them
to increase their production of gold from just over 50,000
ounces annually at a cost of $360 an ounce to over a half
million ounces annually at a cost of only $59 an ounce.
Successful examples of crowdsourcing like this one
have generated much interest among others seeking
solutions to problems that traditional methods don’t
seem to solve well. By building a web platform and
posing a problem in a way that will interest potential
participants, a crowd can be attracted. For example,
Threadless uses its website to engage anyone wishing
to participate in creating new shirt designs. The
U.S. Department of Defense offers people an opportu-
nity to help test its software, the Library of Congress
asked Flickr users to help identify people in its photo
collection, and Walmart asks customers to vote on
which new products it should stock.
In all these cases, the organization is creating a
nonemployee group that it must manage sometimes
without even knowing who the members are. The
company generally pays little or nothing for participa-
tion. The individuals participating often interact with
each other to argue the merits of proposed solutions.
IKEA manages a website where it not only solicits
new ideas for its stores but also where customers
can share solutions to each other’s problems. Organi-
zations using crowdsourcing must provide a problem
in a manner that can be comprehended by potential
participants, an interactive web platform that can be
found by those knowledgeable and interested in the
topic, and some process for identifying success and
recognition of contribution when the problem is
resolved. The point is that organizations increasingly
must manage groups that they don’t employ or
groups of people who they don’t even know. These
groups are often customers involved in product inno-
vation or their own health care but can also be com-
puter gamers testing software or suggesting new
code or anyone with an expertise and willingness to
participate in the problem the organization wishes to
solve. Crowd management will require learning new
skills beyond those used for managing employees.
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