Technical Versus Managerial Innovations
Technical innovations
are changes in
the physical appearance or performance of a product or service or of the physical pro-
cesses through which a product or service is manufactured. Many of the most important
innovations over the last 50 years have been technical. For example, the serial replace-
ment of the vacuum tube with the transistor, the transistor with the integrated circuit,
and the integrated circuit with the microchip have greatly enhanced the power, ease of
use, and speed of operation of a wide variety of electronic products. Not all innovations
developed by organizations are technical, however.
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