Masalalar
26-masala. Silindrdagi porshen ostida m=20g massali xlor bor. Hajmi
V
1
=200sm
3
dan to V
2
=500sm
3
gacha izotermik kengaytirilganda xlor
ichki energiyasining ortishi
U
∆
aniqlansin
Berilgan:
m=20g
=
kg
3
10
20
−
⋅
V
1
=200sm
3
=
3
6
10
200
m
−
⋅
3
6
3
2
10
500
500sm
m
V
−
⋅
=
=
U
∆
~?
Yechish. Real gazning (Van-der-Vaals gazining) ichki energiyasi
)
/
(
m
V
V
a
T
C
U
−
=
ν
(1)
ifoda bilan aniqlanadi.
(1) tenglamadagi molyar V
m
hajmni V hajm va modda miqdori
)
/
(
ν
ν
V
V
m
−
orqali ifodalab va
M
m
=
ν
ekanligni hisobga olib,
quyidagini hosil qilamiz:
−
=
MV
ma
T
C
M
m
U
V
(2)
Izotermik kengayish natijasida ichki energiyaning o‘zgarishi
U
∆
ni V
1
va V
2
hajmlarga mos keluvchi ichki energiyaning ikki qiymati orasidagi
farq sifatida aniqlaymiz:
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
)
(
V
V
M
V
V
a
m
U
U
U
⋅
−
=
−
=
∆
(3)
(3) ga kattaliklarning qiymatlarini qo‘yib hisoblasak:
J
J
U
U
U
154
10
5
10
2
)
10
71
(
10
)
2
5
(
650
,
0
)
10
20
(
4
4
3
4
3
1
2
=
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
−
⋅
⋅
⋅
=
−
=
∆
−
−
−
−
−
.
127
27-masala. Diametri d =10sm bo‘lgan sovun pufagining ichidagi
qo‘shimcha p bosimi topilsin. Bu pufakni puflash uchun bajarishi kerak
bo‘lgan ish A aniqlansin.
Berilgan:
d =10sm = 10·10
-2
m
p ~? A~?
Yechish. Sovun pufagining pardasi ikkita tashqi va ichki sferik sirtga
ega. Har ikkala sirt ham pufak ichidagi havoga bosim beradi. Parda
qalinligi juda kam bo‘lganligidan har ikkala sirtlarning ham diametrlari
amalda teng. Shuning uchun bosim
r
p
/
2
2
σ
⋅
=
, bunda r-pufak
radiusi.
2
d
r
=
ekanligidan:
d
p
σ
8
=
Bu formulaga
m
N /
10
40
3
−
⋅
=
σ
va d=0,1m kattaliklarni qo‘yib,
hisoblasak
p=3,2Pa
Pardani cho‘zib, uning sirtini
S
∆
ga orttirish uchun bajarilishi zarur
bo‘lgan ish
S
A
∆
=
σ
yoki
)
(
0
S
S
A
−
=
σ
formula bilan aniqlanadi.
Bu holda S-sovun pufagining har ikkala sirtining umumiy yuzasi;
S
0
- pufakni puflab bo‘lguncha naycha teshigini qoplab turuvchi yassi
parda ikkala sirtining umumiy yuzasi, S
0
ni inobatga olmay, quyidagini
hosil qilamiz:
σ
π
σ
2
3 d
S
A
=
⋅
=
kattaliklarni qiymatlarini o‘rniga qo‘yib, A=2,5mJ topamiz.
28-masala. P=28 atm da hajmi V=90sm
3
bo‘lgan m=3,5g massali
kislorodning temperaturasi T qanday bo‘ladi? Kislorod uchun doimiy
kattaliklarning qiymati
Berilgan:
V=90sm
3
=
3
6
10
90
m
−
⋅
m=3,5g =
kg
3
10
5
,
3
−
⋅
a=1,36·10
5
N·m
4
/kmol
b=3,16·10
-2
m
3
/kmol
t~?
128
Yechish. Katta bosim ostidagi gazni real gaz deb hisoblash zarur va
uning uchun Van-der Vaals tenglamasi (8,5)ni qo‘llash kerak:
RT
M
m
b
M
m
V
V
a
M
m
p
=
−
+
2
2
2
bu yerda
mol
kg
M
/
32
=
- kilomol kislorodning massasi, U holda
K
b
V
m
M
V
a
M
m
p
R
T
289
10
16
,
3
10
5
,
3
10
9
32
10
1
,
8
1024
10
36
,
1
10
225
,
1
10
013
,
1
28
10
32
,
8
1
1
2
3
5
9
5
5
5
3
2
2
=
⋅
−
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
+
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
=
−
+
=
−
−
−
−
−
t=16
°
C
Taqqoslash uchun azotni ideal gaz deb olib, uning temperaturasini
Klapeyron-Mendeleyev formulasidan aniqlaymiz. U holda
K
R
pV
m
M
T
281
10
32
,
8
10
5
,
3
10
9
10
013
,
1
28
32
3
3
5
5
=
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
=
=
−
−
t=8
°
C
Demak, real gaz uchun Klapeyron-Mendeleyev tenglamasini qo‘llash bu
gazning parametrini hisoblashda anchagina noaniqlikka olib kelar ekan.
Mustaqil yechish uchun masalalar
85. V=0,3l sig‘imli idishda T=300K haroratda modda miqdori
ν
=1mol
bo‘lgan karbonat angidrid bor. Gazning bosimi P:1) Mendeleyev
Klapeyron formulasi bo‘yicha 2) Van-der-Vals tenglamasi bo‘yicha
aniqlansin.
[1)P
mk
=8,31MPa; 2) P
β
=5,67MPa]
86. Kislorodning va suvning kritik harorati T
kr
va kritik bosimi P
kr
hisoblansin.
T
kr
=150K; P
kr
=5MP
A
; T
kr
=654K;
Pkr
=22,6MP
A
87. Massasi m=0,5 g bo‘lgan kislorodning va massasi m=1g bo‘lgan
suvning kritik hajmi V
kr
topilsin.
(V
kr
=1,45sm
3
; V
kr
=5sm
3
)
129
88. Argon uchun kritik harorat T
kr
=151K va kritik bosim P
kr
=4,86mPa.
Shu berilganlar bo‘yicha argonning kritik molyar hajmi V
mkr
aniqlansin.
(V
mkr
=3
в
=
mol
sm
R
Р
Т
kr
kr
/
8
.
96
8
3
3
=
)
89. Normal R
0
bosim va T=300K haroratdagi massasi m=132g bo‘lgan
karbonat angidrid gazini: 1) ideal gaz; 2) real gaz deb qarab ichki
energiyasi U-topilsin.
[1) U
1
=22,4 kJ. 2) U
2
=9,2kJ]
90. Massasi m=8g bo‘lgan kislorod T=300K haroratda V=20sm
3
hajmni
egallaydi. Kislorodning U ichki energiyasi aniqlansin.
(
−
=
=
=
а
к
J
V
a
m
T
C
m
U
v
;
13
,
1
2
2
µ
µ
Van-der-Vaals izoterma doimiysi)
91. Modda miqdori
ν
=1mol bo‘lgan neonning hajmi V
1
=1l dan V
2
=2l
gacha izotermik ravishda kengayganda ichki energiyasining o‘zgarishi
∆
U aniqlansin.
(
J
V
104
V
V
а
U
2
1
=
∆
=
∆
)
92. R=28 atm. bosimda V=90 sm
3
hajmdagi m=3,5 g kislorodning
temperaturasi qanday bo‘ladi: 1) ideal va 2) real deb qaralsin.
[1) T=281K; 2) T=289K]
93. R=10
8
N/m
2
bosimda m=10g geliy V=100sm
3
hajmni egallaydi.
Gazni 1)ideal va 2)real deb hisoblab, uning temperaturasi topilsin.
[1) T=482K; 2) T=204K]
94. Massasi m=16g bo‘lgan gaz R=1MPa bosim va t=112
0
S
temperaturada V=1600 sm
3
hajmini egallagan bo‘lsa, gazning turi, ya’ni
kilomolyar massasi
µ
aniqlansin.
=
=
к
ilomol
g
PV
mRT
/
32
µ
Demak, kislorod ekan.
95. t=27
0
S haroratda ammiak 1 ta molekulasi NH
3
ning o‘rtacha kinetik
130
energiyasi va Shu haroratning o‘zida Shu molekulaning aylanma harakat
o‘rtacha energiyasi topilsin. (=1/2KT molekulaning o‘rtacha to‘liq
energiyasi).
J
кТ
i
21
а
yl
10
21
,
6
2
3
W
(
−
⋅
=
−
>=
<
)
96. V=30l sig‘imli ballonda T=300K harorat va R=5mPa bosim ostida
qancha gaz molekulasi bo‘ladi?
(N=PV/kT =3,62•10
25
ta molekula)
97. Gazning bosimi R=1mPa, molekulalarining konsentratsiyasi
n=10
10
sm
-3
.
Gaz molekulalarining ilgarilama harakat o‘rtacha kinetik
energiyasi W aniqlansin.
(=1,5•10
19
J)
98. Issiqlik mashinasi teskari Karno sikli bilan ishlaydi. Isitkichning
harorati T=500K. Siklning FIK va sovitkichning T
2
haroratini toping.
Isitkichdan olingan har bir kilo-Joul issiqlik hisobiga mashina A=350J
ish bajarmoqda.
[
]
К
Т
Т
J
Т
Т
Т
325
)
35
,
0
1
(
500
)
1
(
;
35
,
0
/
)
(
1
2
1
2
=
−
=
−
=
=
−
=
η
η
131
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