Population and Employment
At its height the Kokand Khanate had a population of about three million people.
However, after the first wave of Russian conquest it was reduced to the one million
inhabitants of the Ferghana Valley. The population consisted mostly of Uzbeks,
Tajiks, Kazakhs, and Kyrgyz, all of whom belonged to numerous different tribes
and families. In the Kokand Khanate there also lived a small number of Russians,
Afghanis, Uyghurs, Iranians, Indians, Turks, Arabs, Jews, and other ethnic groups.
The urban population was mainly Uzbek, but also included some Kipchaks, Tajiks,
Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, and other nationalities. Both the Uzbeks and Tajiks were seden-
tary peoples, but the Kipchaks, Kyrgyz, and a small portion of Kazakhs remained
mainly nomadic.
The nineteenth-century scholar A. Middendorf wrote that none of Ferghana’s
natural potential would have been reaped had the inhabitants not been an industri-
ous and settled people. He wrote that over thousands of years the populace had
constructed huge water channels, carried out large-scale fertilization, and planted
whole forests of shade-giving trees for fruits and wood, with “each individual tree
being in need of life-giving water.”
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The Kokandis planted fields of wheat, barley,
millet, sorghum, corn, rice, beans, sesame, flax, hemp, cotton, and alfalfa, while
their gardens included melons, watermelons, cucumbers, pumpkins, grapes, apri-
cots, peaches, apples, pears, quinces, nuts, plums, cherries, not to mention onions,
carrots, beets, and other produce. The main grain crop was wheat, which Kyrgyz
cattle ranchers raised on the lower slopes of the Alai range as a kind of side busi-
ness. Nomads provided the sedentary populations with meat, fat, wool, and leather,
and wild furs, as well as such finished products as sheepskin coats, rugs, carpets,
and shoes. The expansion of irrigation after the early eighteenth century increased
the number of villages and reduced the area available for grazing.
Cotton growing always had held a special place throughout the Kokand Khanate,
but in the nineteenth century farmers also began cultivating American long-fibred
hybrids. Sericulture was also of ancient origin, but the highest-quality silks came
from the areas of Namangan, Andijan, Margilan, and Kokand—with declining
yields as one approached Semireche (Seven Rivers) area. The northern boundary
of sericulture in Khujand-Kokand region was considered to be the Namangan ridge
THE KOKAND KHANATE 59
and its southwest branch, the Kurama ridge. Silk from more northern towns like
Tashkent, Chimkent, and Turkestan was not considered marketable.
Land ownership in the irrigated areas of the Kokand Khanate differed little from
the neighboring Bukhara Emirate. Most of the land was the property of the govern-
ment, and as such was called state land ( zamin mamlaka). Most of the income from
it went to the khan and beks in the form of rents or taxes, the haraj or tanabana.
The khan had full control over the land, and could give its income as a reward to
civil servants, religious figures, or to a theological foundation ( waqf). By the end of
the khanate, though, such grants were few and limited in size. More and more land
was concentrated in the hands of the central government, and as this occurred the
area of irrigated land increased.
142
By contrast, landownership among the nomads
came to be determined by the structure of society and justified by tradition. Poorer
nomads, who lacked sufficient herds to produce for the market, concentrated on
meeting their own food needs.
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