38 DUBOVITSKII,
BABABEKOV
the previous thirty years many of the Kyrgyz-Kaysaks (Kazakh) nomads in that
territory had taken Russian citizenship, and did not now welcome Kokand’s in-
terference in their affairs. As a result, in 1864 Russian troops seized Chimkent,
and in 1865, Tashkent as well. Mullah Alimkul was killed in the fighting. The
Kipchaks and Kyrgyz then declared Hudaykul Bey (later called Belbakchi Khan)
as their khan, but he ruled only fourteen days before gathering his treasures and
fleeing to Kashgar.
Shortly afterward, Khudayar
seized Kokand without any
resistance.
Khudayar’s reign was even harsher than those of his predecessors. As one
observer noted, “He unleashed a ten-year robbery of his own people, replete with
all kinds of plundering and murder.”
25
In 1870 groups in Kokand who opposed
Khudayar Khan invited Seyid Khan, Mallya Khan’s son, to come to Kokand from
Bukhara. When Khudayar learned of this he ordered that Seyid be captured and
killed, which was done in a village called Yakkatut. The emir of Bukhara knew
that it looked as though he had tried to organize a coup against his neighbor. He
therefore tried to make light of it, claiming Seyid had left Bukhara without his
knowledge. As proof of his good intentions he turned over to Khudayar the names
of all of Seyid’s allies, as well as the actual signed and stamped invitation that had
been sent to Bukhara from Kokand. With the list of the conspirators in hand, the
khan of course proceeded to eliminate them in his usual way. Between 1866 and
1871 Khudayar Khan secretly executed some 3,000 people.
26
The populace endured relentless extortions from Khudayar Khan’s tax collec-
tors. As the tsarist-era historian M.A. Terentev put it, “new taxes were imposed on
all newly planted trees except fruit trees, on coal burned in the mountain forests,
on every weed, thorn, reed, and thistle collected for fuel, on hay brought to the
capital, and on every purchase and sale at the bazaar. These levies, along with
earlier taxes on metals and pack animals, were an inexhaustible source of wealth
for the greedy khan.”
27
In 1873 Khudayar Khan went so far as to tax wild fruit
trees in the mountains, and sent his minions to Osh to collect these fees. The locals
refused to pay and beat up the tax collectors. Upon hearing this, Khudayar Khan
sent forces to quell the rebellion. A “bloody fight” ensued and the khan’s forces
had to withdraw without victory.
28
Again the opposition tried to take advantage of the people’s discontent and seize
power. This time they turned to a distant relative of the khan, Pulat Bek, who lived
in Samarkand; however, he refused to cooperate. They next enlisted the mullah
Ishaq Hassan Ogly to lead, with Pulat Bek as a figurehead.
29
This gambit, known
to history as “Pulat Khan’s
Revolution,” proved no more successful.
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