Ф 03-03 Kasymova Zh. Zh

12.3. Define the terms given below: 1. Source rock; 2. Reservoir rock ; 3. Hydrocarbon traps


12.4 Crossword (Translate following words to English)

1. 
   Вязкость
   
2. 
   Свойства
   
3. 
   Способный
   
4. 
   Удаление
   
5. 
   Горная порода
   
6. 
   Смесь
   
7. 
   Пористый
   
8. 
   Проницаемость
   
9. 
   Флюид
   

																								^2
																						^7
																								^5
					^1								^3
													^8
^4				^6
	^9

12.5. Themes of SIW
1. Chemical composition of oil and gas
2. Chemical properties of oil and gas
3. Physical properties of oil and gas

Practical class №13 Types of geophysical methods
Aims of practical lesson is introduction with types of geophysical methods
13.1. Reading Passage
Hydrocarbon exploration (or oil and gas exploration) is the search by petroleum geologists for hydrocarbon deposits beneath the Earth's surface, such as oil and gas. Oil and gas exploration are grouped under the science of petroleum geology.
At present the greatest use of geophysical prospecting is made in oil exploration. The three principle geophysical methods used in petroleum exploration are seismic, magnetic, and gravity. The magnetic method is the oldest geophysical method, and is based on the measurement of variations in the magnetic field due to changes of structure or magnetic susceptibility of the rocks. Sedimentary rocks generally have a smaller susceptibility than igneous or metamorphic rocks, so an interpretation of the recorded anomalies can yield the maximum depth value for a sedimentary basin.
Today, magnetic surveys for hydrocarbon exploration are usually carried out from the air (aeromagnetics) or from a ship. The gravity method is based on the measurements of the variations in the pull of gravity from the rocks in the upper layers of the earth's surface. Denser rocks have greater gravitational attraction than less dense rocks. For example, a structural uplift of denser rock will appear as an anomaly on the gravity map. Gravity surveys for hydrocarbons are carried out on land, in the air on helicopters, and at sea on ships.
The most widely used geophysical method is the seismic method. Exploration seismology is divided into the branches of reflection seismology and refraction seismology. Most petroleum exploration is done by the reflection seismic method. Reflection seismology is a method of mapping the subsurface sedimentary rock layers from measurements of the arrival times of events reflected from the subsurface layers. The technology of collecting and processing reflection seismic data is based on a fundamental concept by generating seismic energy which penetrates the earth's surface. Basically, the concept is the same for both land and marine surveys.

On land, seismic energy is generated at or near the earth's surface by arrays of small chemical explosions, or vibrating machines, or thumping devices. The seismic waves resulting from the downward propagation of this source energy are reflected from the various interfaces and received by the detectors. A central recording unit then digitizes the analog signals and records them for subsequent analysis. At sea, a source such as an array of air guns is actuated every few seconds as the ship moves over a predetermined course. The seismic waves are picked up by detectors embedded in a cable (called a streamer) trailing the ship. As in land surveys, the data are transmitted to a central recording unit and recorded in digital form.
13.2. Lexical terms and word combinations

anomaly - аномалия

array - ряд, группа, расстановка
air gun array - расстановка пневмопушек
depth value - значение глубины
downward propagation - нисходящее распространение
gravitational attraction - гравитационное притяжение
land survey - наземная съемка
marine survey - морская съемка
penetrate (v) - проникать (внутрь)
pull of gravity - величина тяготения
reflection seismology - сейсморазведка методом отраженных волн
refraction seismology - сейсморазведка методом преломленных волн
source energy - энергия источника
structural uplift - структурный подъем
thumping device - устройство падающего груза
predetermined - заранее установленный
actuate (v) - приводить в действие; запускать; включать
interface - граница раздела двух сред; поверхность контакта
embed (v)- закладывать, встраивать
trail (v) - прокладывать путь
streamer - морская коса (сейсморазведоч-ный кабель)
yield - давать (определенный резуль-тат), выдавать, производить
due to - благодаря, из-за, вследствие
generate - порождать, производить
carry out - выполнять, осуществлять, проводить
reflect (v) - отражать
refract (v) - преломлять
arrival time - время вступления волны
event - волна (на сейсмограмме)
explosion - взрыв
receive (v) - получать
subsequent - последующий
recording unit - регистрирующее устройство
digitize (v) - представлять в цифровом виде, оцифровывать
pick up (v) - собирать, регистрировать
device - устройство
transmit - передавать