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where
η
nf
is the viscosity of nanofluid,
η
bf
is the viscosity of base fluid,
m
is the shape
factor that depends on the properties of the solid nanoparticles, the base fluid and their
interactions,
d
is the diameter of nanoparticle,
T
o
is the reference temperature at 20°C,
r
=
1 nm is the thickness of capping layer, and
α
,
β
and
γ
are empirical constants calculated
from a set of experimental data for alumina-water nanofluids using least square
regression, their values are given in the Table 2.2.
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