Establishment

196 ^See A. S. Lawhead, “A Problem of Unfulfilled Prophecy in Ezekiel: a Response,” WTJ 16 (1981): 15-19 and J. Bright, History of Israel, p. 333 (he says they were obliged to acknowledge Babylonian suzerainty). See also Wiseman, Nebuchadrezzar, pp. 27ff, who shows Babylonian control of Tyre. Lawhead was responding to D. L. Thompson, “A Problem of Unfulfilled Prophecy in Ezekiel,” WTJ 16 (1981): 93-106 who argues for a general interpretation of Scripture (Tyre will fall) and not a specific fulfillment. For an overall discussion, see John C. Beck, The Fall of Tyre According to Ezekiel’s Prophecy, Th.M. Thesis, DTS.

197 ^Keil, Ezekiel, 1:421-22.

198 ^Wiseman, Chronicle, p. 71.

199 ^Ibid., p. 73.

200 ^Wiseman, Chronicle, p. 73.

201 ^Wiseman, Nebuchadrezzar, p. 35.

202 ^Wiseman, Nebuchadrezzar, p. 39f. Bright, History of Israel, p. 333, is much more sanguine about the idea of an invasion.

203 ^Thompson, CAH 3:215, says, “The small fragment of a Babylonian Chronicle first published by Pinches shows that Nebuchadrezzar launched an expedition against Egypt in his thirty-seventh year, i.e. about 567 B.C. Whether Pinches’ ingenious restoration (Ama)su, ‘Amasis,’ for the lost king’s name is correct, or whether Nebuchadrezzar marched against Egypt with any aim other than conquest, we cannot say; the very distance to which he penetrated

is a matter of dispute. One tradition says he made Egypt a Babylonian province, another that he invaded Libya, while Jeremiah ‘foretold’ that he would set up his throne in Tahpanhes, but there is no proof that he did so. We might almost assume from the tradition that certain Babylonian deserters built a ‘Babylon’ in Egypt near the Pyramids, which appears to have existed as an important fort in the time of Augustus, that his army at all events left some mark there.”

204 ^ANET, 492: “Now, our forefathers built this temple in the fortress of Elephantine back in the days of the kingdom of Egypt, and when Cambyses came to Egypt he found it built. They [Babylon] [had] knocked down all the temples of the gods of Egypt, but no one did any damage to this temple.”

205 ^Thompson, CAH 3:217.

206 ^Josephus, Contra Apionem, I, 20 (147).

207 ^ANET p. 308.

208 ^R. C. Thompson, CAH 3:217. See also Joan Oates, Babylon, p. 131.

209 ^Wiseman leaves it vague (Chronicles, p. 38), but Thompson (CAH 3:218) argues for a revolu­tion.

210 ^Wiseman, Chronicles, p. 38. Joan Oates, Babylon, 131.

211 ^Wiseman, Chronicles, pp. 39-42.

212 ^Wiseman, Nebuchadrezzar, p. 12.

213 ^For a personal account of this remarkable woman, Adad-guppi’, see ANET, pp 560-561. She lived to be either 102 or 104. Her life spanned most of the neo-Babylonian period.

214 ^ANET p. 313.

215 ^For the literature on this issue, see ANET p. 306, n. 5. (J. Lewy, HUCA 19 [ ]: 434ff; R. P. Dougherty, Mizraim 1 [1933]: 140ff; R. P. Dougherty, JAOS 42 [1922]: 305ff; W. F. Albright, JRAS [1925]: 293ff.).

216 ^ANET, p. 306.

217 ^CAH, 3:223.

218 ^ANET, p. 306.

219 ^Oates, Babylon, p 134.

220 ^A. de Sélincourt, The World of Herodotus, pp. 211ff.

221 ^CAH, 3:224-225.

222 ^CAH 3:217, f.n. 1. Also p. 425, note.

223 ^Oates, Babylon, p. 133.

224 ^Se for the reference and translation Strack-Billerbeck, Kommentar, 3:816. For the text see S. Buber, ed., Midrasch Tanchuma, Vilna, 1885. The reference is found in the commentary on Leviticus 12 (tazria’) 16.

225 ^Olmstead, The History of Persia, p. 1.

226 ^Moscati, The Face of the Ancient Orient, p. 285.

227 ^ANET, 304-305.

228 ^Clio I, paragraphs 101ff.

229 ^Cook, The Persian Empire, p. 24.

230 ^Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, p. 37.

231 ^ANET, p 316.

232 ^See Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, pp. 39-40.

233 ^Ibid., p. 31.

234 ^Wiseman, et al., Notes on Some Problems in the Book of Daniel.

235 ^So Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, pp. 86-87, and Cook, The Persian Empire, pp. 32,37. But Wiseman, Notes on Some Problems, says that Cambyses was never called “king.”

236 ^Cook, The Persian Empire, p. 32.

237 ^Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, pp. 86-87.

238 ^Cook, The Persian Empire, p. 46.

239 ^See Cook, The Persian Empire, pp. 50-55.

240 ^The Behistun inscription in Old Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian, is an “autobiography” of Darius. For a discussion on the inscription and bibliography, see Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, pp. 116-18.

241 ^Cook, The Persian Empire, p 56.

242 ^See E. M. Blaiklock, “Persia” in Zondervan’s Pictorial Bible Diction­ary.

243 ^M. Avi-Yonah, The Holy Land: From the Persia to the Arab Conquests (536 B.C. to A.D. 640); a Historical Geography, p. 11.

244 ^Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, p. 59.

245 ^Avi-Yonah, The Holy Land, p. 13.

246 ^Stern, p 81. See Avi-Yonah, The Holy Land From the Per­sian Period to the Arab Con­quest, for a map of the provinces.

247 ^Ibid., pp. 13-14.

248 ^F. M. Cross, “Papyri from the Fourth Century B.C. From Daliyeh,” New Directions in Biblical Archaeology. D.N. Freedman and J. Greenfield, eds., 41-62.

249 ^See N. H. Snaith, The Jews from Cyrus to Herod, pp. 16-18, for his reconstruc­tion of Sheshbazzar (no foundation of temple laid in spite of Chronicler’s state­ment), Zerubbabel, who was urged to revolt from Persia by Haggai and Zechariah, Nehemiah and finally Ezra. See Bright, History of Israel pp. 344-45, for a more biblical perspective.

250 ^See Cook, The Persian Empire, 49ff.

251 ^F. C. Fensham, The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah, p. 100. See also Porten, Archives of Elephantine, p. 26.

252 ^H.G.M. Williamson, Ezra and Nehemiah in Word Biblical Commentary, p. 59.

253 ^Fensham, Ezra and Nehemiah, pp. 68ff.

254 ^Myers, Ezra and Nehemiah, p. lxii.

255 ^Myers, Ezra-Nehemiah, pp. lvii-lxii.

256 ^Williamson, Ezra-Nehemiah in Word, p. 93.

257 ^Fensham, Ezra and Nehemiah, p. 103. See also Myers, Ezra and Nehemiah, p. 62.

258 ^On Persian interest in local religions, see B. Porten, Archives from Elephan­tine, p. 23: “Darius’ effect on religious matters in his empire is also worth noting. In Asia Minor he ordered the satrap Gad­ates to respect certain rights and privile­ges of the sacred gardeners of Apollo. In Judah he ordered the pehah Tattenai to supply whatever material was necessary for the building of the Temple there to provide sacrifices to be offered in the name of the royal family (Ez. 5:17 6:12). In Egypt he restored the House of Life of the goddess Neith at Sais, contributed to temples at Edfu and Abusir, and displayed his liberality toward other sanctuaries as well. It was probably he who construct­ed the temple to Amon Re in the oasis of Kargeh.”

259 ^Williamson, Ezra and Nehemiah, p. 100.

260 ^E.g., Williamson, Ezra and Nehemiah. See Fensham, Ezra and Nehemiah, for a good discussion that is also somewhat conservative.

261 ^ANET, p. 492.

262 ^B. Mazar, “The Tobiads,” IEJ 7(1957):137-145; 229-238.

263 ^Ibid, p. 144.

264 ^Ibid.

265 ^H.G.M. Williamson, Ezra, Nehemiah in Word Biblical Commentary, Waco: Word Books, 1985, pp. 182-183.

266 ^F. C. Fensham, The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah, NICOT, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982, p. 260.

267 ^P.R. Ackroyd, Israel Under Babylon and Persia, p. 181.

268 ^Matthew Stolper, Entrepreneurs and Empire. The book does not have much about the Jews, but it is a definitive work.

269 ^M. D. Coogan, “Life in the Diaspora,” BA 37(1974):7-12. This summary of Murashu tablets comes from this article. For the original publication see H. V. Hilprecht and A. T. Clay, Business Documents of Murashu Sons of Nippur Dated in the Reign of Artaxerxes I (464-424 B.C.). See also Samuel Daiches (The Jews in Babylonia in the Times of Ezra and Nehemiah according to Babylonian Inscriptions, pp. 29-36) for a religious study of the proper Jewish names. His work is old but still helpful. According to him, Nippur in the Talmud represents Calneh. The River Kebar (Ezekiel) is at Nippur (p. 11).

270 ^P. R. Ackroyd, Israel Under the Babylonians and Persians, p. 279.

271 ^Ibid., p. 279. For the Aramaic texts see F. Rosenthal, ed., An Aramaic Handbook, pp. 10 ff. See ANET, pp. 491 ff. for translation and see A. Cowley, Aramaic Papryi.

272 ^See my discussion above of O’Reilly’s thesis that it was the Babylonians who torn down the other temples, not the Persians.

273 ^P. R. Ackroyd, Israel Under the Babylonians and Persians, p. 280. For an excellent discussion of the various contacts between the Jewish people and Egypt, see B. Porten, Archives from Elephan­tine, pp. 3-19.

274 ^Ibid., p. 118.

275 ^Josephus, Ant., XIII.3.1, 62ff.

276 ^Porten, Archives from Elephantine, 116-122.

277 ^Ibid., 294-298.

278 ^ANET, p. 492.

279 ^P. R. Ackroyd, Israel Under Babylon and Persia, p. 278.

280 ^N. H. Snaith, The Jews from Cyrus to Herod, pp. 71ff.

281 ^Josephus Antiquities XVIII, pp. 1-4.

282 ^Antiquities, XVIII, p. 4.

283 ^Wars II, p. 119 note. See also Cross, ALQ, p. 51N.

284 ^Wars II, p. 124.

285 ^Cross, however (Ancient Library of Qumran), argues extensively and cogently for a general identification. See also Todd S. Beall, Josephus’ Description of the Essenes Illustrated by the Dead Sea Scrolls.

286 ^Antiquities, XVIII, p. 23.

287 ^R. Riesner, “Jesus, the Primitive Community, and the Essene Quarter of Jerusalem,” in Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls, J. H. Charlesworth, ed., New York: Doubleday, 1992.

288 ^Todd S. Beall, Josephus Description of the Essenes Illustrated by the Dead Sea Scrolls.

289 ^Schürer, History of the Jewish People, 2:555-574, and 2:585-593.

290 ^A. Dupont-Sommer, The Essene Writings from Qumran, G. Vermes, pp. 339-340.

291 ^F. M. Cross, Jr., The Ancient Library of Qumran. p. 81, n. 46.

292 ^Dupont-Sommer, The Essene Writings from Qumran, pp. 339-357.

293 ^See Emil Schürer, The History of the Jewish People, 2:550ff for a discussion of these issues.

294 ^The editio princeps was published by A. S. Van Der Woude as “Melchisedek als himmlische Erlöser­ge­stalt in den neugefundenen eschatologischen Midraschim aus Qumran Höhle XI,” 354-73. For an English version of the fragment, see M. De Jonge and A. S. Van Der Woude, “1Q Melchizedek and the New Testament,” NTS 12 (1966): 301-26.

295 ^Cross, The Ancient Library of Qumran, p. 72, n. 33.

296 ^Dupont-Sommer, The Essene Writings from Qumran, p. 15.

297 ^Dupont-Sommer, The Essene Writings of Qumran, p. 373.

298 ^Ibid., pp. 372-373.

299 ^R. Beckwith, The Old Testament Canon of the New Testament Church, p. 399.

300 ^Ibid., 401.

301 ^Ibid., p. 403.

302 ^Dupont-Sommer, The Essene Writings from Qumran, p. 208.

303 ^Dupont-Sommer, The Essene Writings from Qumran, pp. 222-23.

304 ^Dupont-Sommer, The Essene Writings from Qumran, p. 114.

305 ^ANET, p. 489, N. 21.

306 ^Wars V, Antiquities XV, XI.

307 ^ BAR and Josephus, Wars I, 408ff.

308 ^Wars, III, (4) 29ff.

309 ^See Ramsay, The Cities of Saint Paul, p. 228.

310 ^See Wright, Biblical Archaeology, p. 252, Zahn, New Testament Introduction, III, 464ff.

311 ^Outline from Ramsay, Cities of Saint Paul.

312 ^This Ephesus summary is from Parvis, BAR #2 (1945).

313 ^The above comes from Wright, Biblical Archaeology.

314 ^See BAR #2.

315 ^Finnegan, Light from the Ancient Past, p. 368.