English Words



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Francis Katamba English Words

10.2
SCANDINAVIAN LOANWORDS
Very often language contact is through trade or colonial occupation. As a result of raids that started in the
ninth century, which eventually led to the settlement of the Norsemen in Britain in the tenth and early
eleventh centuries, English acquired Scandinavian loanwords, many of which are everyday words, such as
the following:
[10.14]
aloft
MEá=on+lopt=air
anger
MEangr=grief, sorrow. Whence adj.
angry
bag
ME: baggebaggi
bang
(to beat violently) ON: banga
club
ME: clubbe, clobbe=ON: klubba
die
ME: deghendeyja
flat
ME: flat=ON: flatr
gift
ME: getengeta
husband
Late OE: h sb nda<húsbóndi=householder
ill
ME: illeillr
ken
ON: kenna (= know, discern as in ‘beyond one’s
‘ken’ obsolete except in Scotland)
knife
ME: knifknifr
leg
ME: leggeleggr
outlaw
Late OE: utlagútlagi=one who is outside
the law
sky
ME: skie=cloudsky
A LEXICAL MOSAIC 143


(based on Geipel 1971)
Note:
ON=Old Norse, OE=Old English, ME= Middle English
10.3
THE FRENCH INFLUENCE
We have already emphasised the point that the most far-reaching language contact that English has had
through the ages has been with French. In this section we will consider the French influence in the English
lexicon in two parts. First, we will deal with contact with Norman French in the Middle Ages. The account
of the effect of medieval French on English draws on standard histories of the language by Baugh and Cable
(1978), Strang (1970), Lass (1987), Pyles and Algeo (1982) as well as Trevelyan (1949) for a social history
of medieval England. In the second part of the section we will turn to borrowing that has taken place in
modern times.

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