object. Similarly,
wa is a portmanteau morph. It can represent either the first person, plural subject (as in
wa-
ta-pik-a
‘they will cook’) or the first person plural, object (as in
a-li-wa-lim-ish-a ‘s/he made them
cultivate’).
We could make the same point about the other examples. For instance, although Eskimo is polysynthetic,
it does have words that are formed by simple agglutination e.g.,
kissartu-mik ‘hot instr.’.
The best we can do with labels like isolating and inflecting is to capture the dominant word-formation
trends in a language. You may be wondering what we mean by dominant in this context. How
agglutinating, isolating, etc. must a language be for it to be classified in a particular way? Linguists have
attempted to answer this question by establishing an ISOLATING INDEX which is worked out by
calculating the ratio of morphemes to grammatical words in running texts of several thousand words. A
prototypical isolating language would always have one morpheme per grammatical word. The closer to this
particular idealised language type a given language is, the more isolating it is said to be. At the other extreme
we find the polysynthetic languages which approximate an average of four morphemes per grammatical
word. Eskimo, with a ratio of 3.72 morphemes per word comes close to this. Sanskrit with a ratio of 2.59 is
inflecting. The main difference between inflecting and agglutinating languages is not so much in the ratio of
morphemes to grammatical words but in the one-to-one mapping of morphemes on morphs in agglutinating
languages as opposed to the one-tomany mapping in inflecting languages.
Let us end the chapter by determining the morphological type to which English belongs. The first thing to
note is that English is not a perfect example of any one morphological type. English words can exemplify
any of the four types we have described:
[3.21]
a.
The baby can walk now.
b.
Unfortunately customers wanted pre-packed cigars.
c.
We went.
d.
Potato-picking is back-breaking work.
The baby can walk now
exemplifies isolating morphology. With the exception of the portmanteau morph
can,
which realises the morphemes meaning ‘able’, present tense, each word in this sentence contains only
one morpheme.
Contrast that with [3.21b] which illustrates agglutination. Here each word can be neatly divided
morphemes that are arranged in a row one after the other.
Un-fortun-ate-ly custom-er-s want-ed pre-packed
cigar-s
. There are just over 2.5 morphemes per word on average in this sentence.
Likewise in
We went, the ratio of morphemes to grammatical words is high.
We is subject, first person
and plural and
went realises the lexeme ‘go’ and past tense. Again the average number of morphemes per
word exceeds two. But in this case the morphemes are simultaneously realised by portmanteau morphs.
This sentence exhibits an inflecting tendency.
An even better example of a portmanteau morph is the verb
is which represents the morphemes third
person, singular, present tense and the lexeme
be. It is impossible to divide up the word-form
be and align
these different morphemes with chunks of this verb.
In the [3.21d], the key words are
potato-picking and
back-breaking which show English behaving like a
polysynthetic language by incorporating the object of the verb into the verb itself:
picking
VERB
potatoes
NOUN (OBJ)
potato-picking
NOUN
;
breaking
VERB
backs
NOUN (OBJ)
backbreaking
(ADJECTIVE)
. (Subsequently
the verb is turned into a noun or adjective.)
34 CLOSE ENCOUNTERS
OF A MORPHEMIC KIND
English has a bit of everything. However, when large samples of text are examined, it becomes clear that
it is basically an isolating language. It has a ratio of 1.68 morphemes per word. Although the lexicon
contains innumerable complex words, most words usually found in texts are simple.
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