English Vocabulary in Use: Advanced Book with Answers and Enhanced eBook Vocabulary Reference and Practice 3rd Edition

Over to 
you
•
How much exercise do you do every week?
•
What type(s) of exercise do you do?
•
Do you know how many calories you burn? (There are websites that tell you how to 
calculate this for the activities you do.)
•
What about diet? Do you think you could improve your diet? How?
54.1
54.2
54.3
54.4
54.5

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116
English Vocabulary in Use Advanced
Industries: from manufacturing to service
55
Industries and industrial practices
expression
explanation
opposite expression
explanation
heavy industry
e.g. steel works, 
shipbuilding
light industry
e.g. manufacturing car 
parts, TV sets
manufacturing industry
making things, e.g. 
consumer goods
service industry
serving people, e.g. 
tourism, banking
high-technology (high-
tech; 
informal
) 
involving computers, 
e.g. software industry
low-technology (low-
tech; 
informal
)
involving little or no 
computer technology
cutting-edge 
technology
involving new and 
innovative technology 
conventional 
technology
using standard, 
proven technology
privatisation
e.g. selling off state 
railways to private 
companies
nationalisation / state 
ownership
when industry 
is owned by the 
government
Many big industries are run as 
public-private partnerships. 
[partly state-owned, partly owned by private 
industries or businesses]
The nuclear industry receives a huge 
subsidy from the government. 
[money/grants which enable it to 
stay in profit]
The government tries to encourage 
inward investment. 
[investment from foreign companies]
Industrial practices
example
explanation
Most of the factory workers are 
on piecework.
they are only paid for the amount they produce
Many people now work on 
zero hours contracts, 
which means they have no job security.
they are employed by a company, but the number 
of hours they work each week may vary, and some 
weeks there may be no work for them, so they 
receive no pay
Child labour is a serious problem in some 
countries.
the employment of children to do adult jobs
In many countries, the right to
 trade union 
representation has only come after long struggles.
a union that negotiates wages and conditions for 
the people it represents
Many cheap electrical goods are produced in 
sweatshops in poorer countries.
factories where people work very long hours for 
low wages
Retraining and reskilling are necessary when an 
economy is modernised.
training people for new jobs and teaching them 
new skills 
The big 
multinationals
1
often close factories as a 
cost-cutting exercise
2
and 
relocate
3
and 
switch 
production
4
to countries where labour and costs are cheaper.
In many cases, 
components
5
for cars are imported and then 
assembled
6
, rather than manufactured 
in the country.
1
big companies with operations in many different 
countries
2
effort to reduce their costs
3
move the company’s offices (or, less commonly, 
production) to a different place
4
move the centre of manufacturing to a different place
5