105
6.17
Be as precise as possible
short
long
about
of the order of
few
few in number
many
a high percentage of
many
a large proportion of
most
vast majority of
never
never at any time
several
a good number of
some / -
a number of
A common mistake by authors is in making assumptions about what the reader
will understand. This is because you as the author know your topic extremely
well, in fact you may have been working on it for several months, even years.
This means that you may use words and expressions which to you are clear, but
to the reader may not be. Below are a few examples of words and expressions that
could be interpreted in many different ways. In all cases you need to be more
specific:
in the short term, in the near future
a relatively short / long duration
[quite a] high / low number of
recently, recent
– bear in mind that the reader may be reading your paper several years after its
publication
Referees often criticize authors for sentences such as:
S1.
Usually the samples were cooled to room temperature.
S2. It was necessary
to study the problem with attention.
S3. In the late 1990s
nearly all newspapers created a companion website.
S4. Subjects performed
fairly well and their results were
substantially better than their
counterparts.
S1: If you use adverbs such as
usually and
normally when referring to experiments
or results then the reader might want to know what happens or happened in other
cases.
S2: What exactly does
attention mean? It may be useful to provide details regarding
the level of attention and what it entailed.
S3: This was the first sentence in an abstract analyzing online newspapers in Italy.
It is not clear whether this is a general statement about newspapers in all the world,
or just in Italy. This is a classic case of when the author knows what he / she is
referring to, but the reader is left in doubt.
S4: Adverbs such as
fairly and
substantially mean different things to different people
are. Other examples of potentially ambiguous adjectives and adverbs are:
adequate,
106
6 Avoiding
Ambiguity and Vagueness
appreciable, appropriate, comparatively, considerable, practically, quite, rather,
real, relatively, several, somewhat, suitable, tentative
, and
very. These adjectives and
adverbs do not have a single unequivocal meaning. They can be open to interpreta-
tion by the reader. Often they are redundant or need to be made more precise as in
S5 and S6.
S5. * Sampling
took place in a relatively short but
significant period of time.
S6. * We used a
suitable method for the computation.
How long is
relatively short? What does
significant mean? What exactly is
suitable?
In S5 would be better to specify what the exact time was, why it was significant. In
S6 it might useful to explain what the method was.
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