English for chemists

Scction II
Упр. 1. Назовите значения следующих интернациональных слов:
scalc, object, contact, thermal, energy, ordinarily, thermometer, astronomy, philosopher, alcohol, normal, human, calibrate, convert, absolute, engineer
Упр. 2. Определите значения выделенных слов по контекст)'.

1. 
   Не had lived in Leningrad before 1990 and then settled in Moscow.
   

2. 
   It’s rather warm today, what temperature is it? — 16 degrees. 3. The analysis is easier to make by means o fa microscopc. 4. Wc have devised a pcrfcct plan of doing the work.
   

Слова к тексту:

quality — качество; tube — трубка; centigrade scalc — стоградусная шкала; Swedish— шведский; choice—выбор; perhaps—возможно; fever — жар, лихорадка; saturate — насыщать
Text 22 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения— 4,5 минуты).
Temperature Scales
If two objccts arc placcd in contact with one another, thermal energy may flow from one object to the other one. Temperature is the quality that determines the direction in which thermal energy flows — it flows from the object at higher temperature to the object at lower temperature.
Temperatures arc ordinarily measured by means of a thermometer, such as the ordinary mercury thermometer, consisting of a quantity of mercury in a glass tube. The temperature scalc used by scientists is the centigrade or Celsius scale; it was introduced by Anders Celsius (1701— 1744), a Swedish professor of astronomy, in 1742. On this scalc the

152

temperature of freezing water saturated with air is 0eC and the temperature of boiling water is 100°C at 1-atm pressure.

On the Fahrenheit scale, used in everyday life in English-speaking countries, the freezing point of water is 32°F and the boiling point of water is 212°F. On this scale the freezing point and the boiling point differ by 180°, rather than 100° of the ccntigradc scalc. The Fahrenheit scale was devised by Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736), a natural philosopher who was bom in Danzig and settled in Holland. He invented the mercury thermometer in 1714; before then, alcohol had been used as the liquid in thermometers. As the zero point on his scalc he took the lowest temperature he could obtain, produced by mixing equal quantities of snow and ammonium chloridc. His choice of 212° for the boiling point of water was made in order that the temperature of his body should be 100°F. The normal temperature of the human body is 98.6°F; perhaps Fahrenheit had a slight fever while he was calibrating his thermometer.

To convert temperatures from one scalc to another, you need only remember that the Fahrenheit degree is m/m or V9 of the ccntigradc degree, and that 0°C is the same temperature as 32°F.
Another absolute scalc, the Rankine scale, is sometimes used in engineering work in the English-speaking countries. It uses the Fahrenheit degree, and has 0°R as the absolute zero.
Упр. 3. Передайте основное содержание текста в нескольких пред­ ложениях.
Упр. 4. Составьте план текста.
Упр. 5. Прочтите предложения и скажите, соответствуют ли они содержанию текста. Если нет, исправьте их.
1. Temperature determines the direction in which thermal energy flows when the two objects arc in contact. 2. Thermal energy flows from the hotter object to the colder one. 3. Temperature is measured by means of thermometers using different temperature scales. 4. The inventor of the Fahrenheit scalc was German. 5. Fahrenheit devised alcohol thermometer.

6. 
   Only the Fahrenheit scalc is used in the English-speaking countries.
   
7. 
   The temperature of the boiling water is 100 degrees ccntigradc. 8. The inventor of the ccntigradc scalc was an outstanding physicist.
   

Упр. 6. Найдите в тексте и переведите на русский язык предложе­ ния в которых дано описание того, как перевести значение температу­ ры с одной шкалы на другую.