English as an international language


Crystal (1997): Some countries that give special status to English



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ENGLISH AS AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE part 1

Crystal (1997): Some countries that give special status to English:

  • American Samoa
  • Antigua and Barbuda
  • Australia
  • Bahamas
  • Bangladesh
  • Barbados
  • Belize
  • Bermuda
  • Bhutan
  • Botswana
  • British Virgin Islands
  • Brunei
  • Canada
  • Dominica
  • Fiji
  • Ghana
  • Gibraltar
  • Grenada
  • Hong Kong
  • India
  • Ireland
  • Jamaica
  • Kenya
  • Liberia
  • Malawi
  • Malaysia
  • Malta
  • Marshall Islands
  • Mauritius
  • Micronesia
  • Namibia
  • Nepal
  • New zealand
  • Pakistan
  • Philippines
  • Puerto Rico

…and more:

  • Rwanda
  • St Luca
  • Seychelles
  • Sierra Leone
  • Singapore
  • Solomon islands
  • South Africa
  • Sri Lanka
  • Tanzania
  • Tonga
  • Trinidad and Tobago
  • Tuvalu
  • Uganda
  • United Kingdom
  • Uk island (Channel Is, Man)
  • United States
  • US Virgin Islands
  • Western Samoa (now Samoa)
  • Zambia
  • Zimbabwe
  • Total population: 2,024,614,00
  • Usage estimate:
  • L1 337,407,300
  • L2 235,351,300

Categorisationa of countires in which English is used: (Kachru)

  • INNER CIRCLE
  • L1

L2

  • OUTER CIRCLE

Studied as a foreign language

  • EXPANDING CIRCLE

Inner, Outer and Expanding Circles

  • Inner Circle: e.g. USA, UK, Austarlia (320-380 million)
  • Outer Circle: e.g. India, the Philippines, Singapore
  • (150-300 million)
  • Expanding Circle: e.g. China, Japan, Germany
  • (100-1000 million)

The roles English serves

  • The various roles English serves in different countries of the world are best conceived of in terms of three concentric circles:
  • A) the Inner Circle, where E is the primary language of the country
  • B) the Outer Circle, where E serves as a second language in a multilingual country, and
  • C) the Expanding Circle where E is widely studied as a foreign language.

Features of an international language

  • “International language” – the language which is used by people of different nations to communicate with one another.
  • Important assertions regarding THE RELATIONSHIP OF AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE AND CULTURE:
  • Its learners do not need to internalize the culutral norms of native speakers of that language
  • The ownership of an international language becomes
  • “de-nationalized”
  • The educational goal of learning it is to enable learners to communicate their ideas and culture to others

English as an international language

  • As an international language, E is used both in a global sense for international communication btw countries and in a local sense as a languge of wider communication within multilingual societies.
  • The use of E is no longer connected to the culture of Inner Circle countires.
  • In a local sense, E becomes embedded in the culture of the country in which it is used.
  • In a global sense, one of tis primaary functions is to enable speakers to share with others their ideas and culture.

FINALLY…

  • …an international language spreads not by speakers of that language migrating to other areas but rather by many individuals acquiring the language.

Reasons for the spread of English 1 MACROACQUISITION

  • (Brutt-Griffler’s model):
  • MACROACQUISITION
  • International language spreads not through speaker migration but rahter by many individuals in a speech community acquiring the language.
  • Language spread by speakers migration results typically in the development of largely monolingual English-speaking communities (US, New Zealand, Australia).
  • Macroacquisition, in reference to Englsih, has occurred largely in Outer Circle countries but even in some Expanding Circles countires. The result is not monolingualism but rather large-scale bilingualism.

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