English as an international language

Crystal (1997): Some countries that give special status to English

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ENGLISH AS AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE part 1

The various roles English serves in different countries of the world are best conceived of in terms of three concentric circles:
A) the Inner Circle, where E is the primary language of the country
B) the Outer Circle, where E serves as a second language in a multilingual country, and
C) the Expanding Circle where E is widely studied as a foreign language.

“International language” – the language which is used by people of different nations to communicate with one another.
Important assertions regarding THE RELATIONSHIP OF AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE AND CULTURE:
Its learners do not need to internalize the culutral norms of native speakers of that language
The ownership of an international language becomes
“de-nationalized”
The educational goal of learning it is to enable learners to communicate their ideas and culture to others

As an international language, E is used both in a global sense for international communication btw countries and in a local sense as a languge of wider communication within multilingual societies.
The use of E is no longer connected to the culture of Inner Circle countires.
In a local sense, E becomes embedded in the culture of the country in which it is used.
In a global sense, one of tis primaary functions is to enable speakers to share with others their ideas and culture.

…an international language spreads not by speakers of that language migrating to other areas but rather by many individuals acquiring the language.

(Brutt-Griffler’s model):
MACROACQUISITION
International language spreads not through speaker migration but rahter by many individuals in a speech community acquiring the language.
Language spread by speakers migration results typically in the development of largely monolingual English-speaking communities (US, New Zealand, Australia).
Macroacquisition, in reference to Englsih, has occurred largely in Outer Circle countries but even in some Expanding Circles countires. The result is not monolingualism but rather large-scale bilingualism.

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