English and ukrainian syntax. Typology of the word-group and the sentence typology of the Syntactic Systems

Typology of the Main (Principal) Parts of the Sentence

All parts of the sentence in the contrasted languages have both an isomorphic functional meaning and lexico-grammatical nature. Common/ isomorphic is also the traditional subdivision of them into a) the main and into b) secondary parts of the sentence. The main parts are the subject (підмет) and the predicate (присудок). The secondary parts are the object, the attribute and different adverbial modifiers (додаток, означення, обставинні члени речення).
The subject and the predicate in the contrasted languages are considered to be interdependent parts of the sentence. They are bearers of predication forming the sentence. Cf. They laughed. (Hemingway) Вони засміялися.
Other parts of the sentence are usually dependent on the subject, on the predicate or on one another. As in the following sentence. Everyone knows his own business best. (Pritchett)
The constituent word-group of this sentence in English and in its Ukrainian variant in syntactic presentation (patterning) are as follows:
1) the primary predication (S-P) word-group Everyone knows Кожен знає;
2) the predicate-object word-group knows < his own business знає свою власну справу;
3) the attributive word-group his own business свою власну справу and
4) the predicate-adverbial modifier word-group known best знає найкраще. Therefore, the highest degree of combinability in this sen-tense has the simple verbal predicate with its postpositive complements.
The structure of the parts of the sentence in the contrasted languages is characterised by isomorphic features in the main. There are distinguished the following structurally common types of them in English and Ukrainian:
1) simple, i. e. expressed by a single word-form (synthetic or analytical);
2) extended or expanded, i. e. expressed by a subordinate or by a co-ordinate word-group;
3) complex (when expressed by a secondary predication construction/word-group). Some parts of the sentence in English and Ukrainian may be expressed by a regular clause. For example: What you told me is a lie. (Twain) This subject can be substituted for a single word performing the same function: That/ it is a lie. Similarly in Ukrainian: Те, що ти казав мені, — брехня; Те (це) є брехня.