Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Robert Dannin, Black Pilgrimage to Islam

(New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, and E-book); 

Sylviane A. Diouf, Servants of Allah: African Muslims 

Enslaved in the Americas (New York: New York University 

Press, 1998); Ron Geaves, Theodore Gabriel, Yvonne Y. 

Haddad, and Jane I. Smith, eds., Islam and the West Post 

9/11 (Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing, 2004); Michael 

A. Gomez, Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of 

African Muslims in the Americas (New York: Cambridge 

Islamic Community Center of Tempe, Arizona, 

designed to resemble the Dome of the Rock in Jerusa-

lem 

( Juan E. Campo)