Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Natana J. DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam: 

From Revival to Reform in Global Jihad (Oxford: Oxford 

University Press, 2004); Madeleine Fletcher, “Almohad 

Tawhid: Theology Which Relies on Logic,” Numen 38 

(June 1991): 110–127; Toshihiko Izutsu, God and Man 

in the Koran: Semantics of the Koranic Weltanschauung

(Tokyo: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Stud-

ies, 1964); Fazlur Rahman, Major Themes of the Quran

(Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica, 1980); Michael 

Sells, Early Islamic Mysticism: Sufi, Quran, Miraj, Poetic 

and Theological Writings (Mahwah, N.J.: Paulist Press, 

1996); W. Montgomery Watt, The Formative Period of 

Islamic Thought (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh 

Press, 1973).

taxation

  See 

almsgiving

; 

jizya

; 

kharaj

.