Encyclopedia of Islam

tawhid

  

665  J

---

unity based on reason to argue against traditional 

ways of thought and demonstrate the compat-

ibility of what he thought of as true Islam with 

modern science. s

ayyid

  q

Utb

 (d. 1966) of Egypt 

and the modern Indo-Pakistani reformist a

bU

 

al

-

a

la

 m

aWdUdi

 (d. 1979) both conceived of tawhid

as a process that unified society in complete sub-

mission to God, against modern forms of idolatry 

and disbelief, including the secular nation-state. 

Their ideologies inspired many Islamic reform 

and radical movements in the late 20th and early 

21st centuries. The ideology of tawhid as the 

principle that should unite all human endeavors 

into an ideal social order has also been espoused 

by leading revolutionary thinkers in Iran, such 

as a

li

 s

hariati

 (d. 1977) and Ayatollah Mahmud 

Taleqani (d. 1979).

See also 

adhan

; 

anthropomorphism

; 

baqa

 

and

fana

; m

Utazili

 s

chool

; 

shirk

.