Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Halil Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: 

The Classical Age 1300–1600. Translated by Norman 

Itzkowitz and Colin Imber (New York: Praeger Publish-

ers, 1973); Norman Itzkowitz, “The Ottoman Empire: 

The Rise and Fall of Turkish Domination.” In The World 

of Islam: Faith, People, Culture, edited by Bernard Lewis, 

273–300 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1976); Cemal 

Kafadar,  Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the 

Ottoman State (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of 

California Press, 1995); Stanford Shaw and Ezel Kural 

Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. 2 

vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).

K  540  

Ottoman dynasty

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