Encyclopedia of Islam

part of Cairo).

644

¶

  Death of Umar ibn al-Khattab, second caliph.

xxxvii

chronology

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Encyclopedia of  Islam

653

¶

  Caliph Uthman authorizes collection and offi-

cial establishment of the text of the Quran.

655

¶

  Assassination of Uthman, the third caliph.

659

¶

  Muawiya, chief of the Umayyads, conquers 

Egypt.

661–80

¶

  Damascus becomes new capital of Umayyad 

dynasty under Muawiya.

¶

  New wave of conquest begins.

661

¶

  Death of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth caliph and 

first Shii imam.

¶

  Muawiya becomes caliph and founder of 

Umayyad dynasty.

662

¶

  Revolt of the Khawarij.

680

¶

  Death of Muawiya. Martyrdom of Husayn, third 

Shii imam, at Karbala, Iraq.

691

¶

  Building of the Mosque of Umar (Dome of the 

Rock) in Jerusalem.

698

¶

  Arabic becomes official language of government 

in the Islamic Empire.

700

¶

  Conquest and conversion of Berber tribes in 

North Africa.

711

¶

  Tariq ibn Ziyad leads conquest of Andalusia 

(southern Spain).

¶

  Muhammad ibn Qasim initiates Arab conquest 

of Sind (India).

712

¶

  Muslim armies in Persia begin conquest of 

Bakhara and Samarqand in Central Asia.

719

¶

  Cordoba becomes administrative capital of 

Andalusia.

728

¶

  Death of Hasan al-Basri, Muslim ascetic and 

teacher.