Encyclopedia of Islam



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United States


lim communities have sometimes been strained 

to the extent that African-American Muslims have 

formed their own movements or mosques in a 

parallel history to formation of black churches in 

response to post–Civil War racism. The character 

of the African-American Sunni majority is as com-

plex and diverse as the immigrant and expatriate 

Sunni community in America, marked by as many 

theological differences as the immigrant com-

munity is by multiple ethnolinguistic identities. 

However, both immigrant and African-American 

communities are part of one umma and share in 

its common challenge of following the “straight 

path” (Q.1:6) in America.

The experience of the American Muslim com-

munity as a whole since the September 11, 2001, 

attacks has been stressful, with immediate effects 

including personal attacks, property vandalism of 

mosques and Islamic centers, and random hate 

crimes. Long-term negative attention to the Ameri-

can-Muslim community continues from the press, 

law enforcement, and government organizations; 

and Muslims (as well as Arab Americans and oth-

ers of Middle Eastern background) continue to 

encounter religiously, ethnically, and culturally 

motivated harassment on the street, in schools

and in the workplace. Many American Muslims 

are frightened of ongoing prejudice and its conse-

quences to the future of the community, but they 

have begun to organize themselves through such 

networks and ISNA (i

slamic


  s

ociety


 

oF

  n



orth

a

merica



) and CAIR (c

oUncil


 

oF

 a



merican

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r

elations


), in cooperation with other civic organi-

zations like the ACLU (American Civil Liberties 

Union) to resist situations of religious discrimina-

tion through disseminating accurate information 

to the public about Islam and the Muslim com-

munity. In spite of these difficulties, Muslims in 

increasingly larger numbers are continuing to 

immigrate to the United States seeking political 

and religious freedom and economic opportunity, 

and Americans are continuing to convert to Islam 

for its positive sense of personal identity, commu-

nal cohesion, and family values.



See also b

aWa


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Uhaiyaddeen

 F

elloWship



; c

an

-



ada

; m


alcolm

 X; m


Uslim

 p

Ublic



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FFairs


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oUncil


m

Uslim



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tUdents


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ssociation

; W

ebb


,  a

leXander


r

Ussell


.

Kathleen M. O’Connor




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