Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Norman J. Hyne, Nontechnical Guide 

to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling, and Produc-

tion (Tulsa, Okla.: Penn Well Corp., 2001); Oystein 

Noreng,  Oil and Islam: Social and Economic Issues

(Chichester, N.Y.: J. Wiley and Sons, 1997); Francisco 

Parra, Oil Politics: A Modern History of Petroleum (Lon-

don and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2004); Ian Rutledge, 

Addicted to Oil: America’s Relentless Drive for Energy 

Security (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Tobey 

Shelley, Oil: Politics, Poverty, and the Planet (New York: 

Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).

Oman

  See g

ulf

 s

tates

.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting 

Countries

 

(OPEC)

OPEC is an international body consisting of 11 

countries, the purpose of which is to coordinate 

its members’ oil-producing and selling policies. 

Founded in 1960 by i

ran

,  i

raq

, Kuwait, s

aUdi

a

rabia

, and Venezuela, it has since expanded to