Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Claude Andrew Clegg, III, An Original 

Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad (New 

York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998); Robert Dannin, “Islands 

in a Sea of Ignorance.” In Black Pilgrimage to Islam

(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); E. U. 

Essien-Udom,  Black Nationalism: A Search for Identity 

in America (New York: Dell Publishing, 1962); Matthias 

Gardell, In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farra-

khan and the Nation of Islam (Durham, N.C.: Duke Uni-

versity Press, 1996); C. Eric Lincoln, The Black Muslims 

In America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1961); Malcolm X 

and Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965. 

Reprint, New York: Ballantine Books, 1992); Aminah 

Beverly McCloud, African American Islam (New York: 

Routledge, 1995); Kathleen M. Moore, Al-Mughtaribun: 

American Law and the Transformation of Muslim Life in 

the United States (Albany: State University of New York 

Press, 1995); Elijah Muhammad, Message to the Black-

man in America (1965. Reprint, Newport News, Va.: 

United Brothers Communications Systems, 1992); Son-

sryea Tate, Little X: Growing Up in the Nation of Islam

(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2005); Rich-

ard Brent Turner, Islam in the African-American Experi-

ence (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997).