Encyclopedia of Islam



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Further reading: Reuven Firestone, Journeys in Holy 

Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends

(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990); 

Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Thalabi, Arais al-majalis fi 

qisas al-anbiya, or “Lives of the Prophets.” Translated by 

William M. Brinner (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2002).



hajj

The fifth pillar of Islam is the annual pilgrimage 

to m

ecca


, called the hajj, which all Muslims are 

required to perform at least once in their lifetimes 

if they are able to. This religious journey, which 

is forbidden to non-Muslims, involves a series of 

ritual activities that pilgrims called hajjis must 

perform over a period of six days during the 12th 

month of the Muslim 

calendar


, Dhu al-Hijja 

(“pilgrimage month”). The rituals are performed 

in a sacred landscape that includes the Sacred 

Mosque in Mecca, the town of Mina (about three 

miles east of the Grand Mosque), and the plain of 

a

raFat



 (about seven miles east of Mina). In addi-

tion, many pilgrims visit m

Uhammad

’s 


mosqUe

 in 


m

edina


 on their way to or from Mecca.

The  q


Uran

 and 


sUnna

 provide authorization 

for the hajj rituals, which are believed to have 

been initiated by sacred figures in Islamic history: 

a

dam


,  a

braham


,  h

agar


 (Abraham’s wife), and 

especially Muhammad. The essential hajj rituals 




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